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~~ S 3% 


THE EB AR 


NATURALIST’S GUIDE 


IN COLLECTING AND PRESERVING 


OBJECTS OF NATURAL HISTORY, 


WITH 


A COMPLETE CATALOGUE OF THE BIRDS 
OF EASTERN MASSACHUSETTS. 


6 
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By C ‘x3 “MAYN ARD. 


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WITH ILLUSTRATIONS BY E, L. WEEKS, 


BOSTON: 
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INTRODUCTION. 


THE great need of a good illustrated work to guide 
young naturalists in collecting and preserving objects of 
natural history has induced me to prepare the present 
Manual. In this attempt I hope I have been in some 
degree successful. I have spared no pains to bring to- 
gether, in a comprehensive form, the results of many years 
of experience in collecting and preserving objects of natu- 
ral history, both for private cabinets and for scientific 
museums. 

No popular work of this kind has before been published 
in America. Throughout the present work I have endeav- 
ored to encourage the young to engage in the ennobling 
study of Natural History, and to join the band of young 
naturalists so rapidly increasing in our land. 

I trust the reader will not.by any means keep the teach- 
ings of this book secret, as some taxidermists are wont to 
counsel, but spread it broadcast among those who would 


profit by the information I have herein attempted to con- 


: [ 
vey. It is intended for the Naturauist, whoever and 
wherever he may be; and as it comes from a colaborer in 


the common field, it will, perhaps, be well received. 


989013 





lv INTRODUCTION. 


All of Part First is original. In preparing objects -of 
natural history I have in a great degree invented methods 
of my own, and have not given in this work a single 
one that I have not tested and proved equal to all oth- 
ers, if not superior. To avoid confusion, I have given 
only the method which experience has taught me to be 
the best. 

In this connection my thanks are due to Mr. E. L. 
Weeks, whose excellent illustrations will be found to add 
greatly to the value of the work. | 

In Part Second I have thought proper to add a cata- 
logue of the birds of Eastern Massachusetts, with notes, 
as tending to enable the collector to obtain the rarer spe- 
cies more readily, by specifying the localities and peculiar 
haunts in which they have been found by others: The 
critical notes may, perhaps, be perused with interest by 


the more experienced ornithologist. 


CONTENTS. 


en 
PART: I, 
CHAPTER I. 
COLLECTING AND PRESERVING BIRDS. 

Sror. PAGE 
I. How To COLLECT ‘ ; F ‘ P : ay) We 
Il. How To PREPARE SPECIMENS.— eeeecmarers esreurnenl ETC. 10 

Ill. MzEasuRING, SKINNING, AND PRESERVING BirpDs .  .. . 18 

MEASURING . , . ‘ : : 5 ‘ ¥ 18 

SKINNING . 3 : : é : : ; A ea ee pone 

DETERMINING THE SEX : ‘ 5 : : A 2 

CONTENTS OF STOMACH, ETC. : a 31 

EXCEPTIONS TO THE USUAL METHOD OF Ee nwa 31 

TABLE OF MEASUREMENTS . ‘ : i : kK 32 

IV. Mountinc SPECIMENS . : p ‘ : » : 34 

MounTING FRESH BIRDS P ceed By : : . 84 

MovunTING DRIED SKINS. ; : ? : 40 

MountinG BIRDS WITH THE Ryka EXTENDED . ‘ oy 4 

CHAPTER “LI, 
COLLECTING AND PRESERVING MAMMALS. 

Sror. 

I. COLLECTING . i : : ‘ : é : ; : «545 
Il. MeAsuRING MAMMALS . ‘ , : : : ; ; 45 
SKINNING . : , é 46 

METHOD OF eee A Bone FOR MEASURING Mamaats 47 

TABLE OF MEASUREMENTS 47 
lll. Mounting MAMMALS : : , : . 50 

CHAPTER -TIT: 

COLLECTING AND PRESERVING INSECTS FOR THE CABINET, 
BEETLES, OR COLEOPTERA . A : ; : : : ; . 55 
‘Bucs, ok HEMIPTERA . : ; ; 3 57 
GRASSHOPPERS, CRICKETS, ETC., OR Cerrone: ? P . 58 


vi. CONTENTS. 


MoTHs AND BUTTERFLIES, OR LEPIDOPTERA Bi A . ‘ 58 
DRAGON-FLIES, ETC., OR NEUROPTERA : A oe - 60 
Brrs, WAspPs, ETC., OR HYMENOPTERA : : . ° . 61 
Firs, Mosquirors, ETc., OR DIPTERA . s ; : ° = ae. 


CHAP THR iva 


COLLECTING AND PRESERVING FISHES AND REPTILES. 


Srcr. 

I. Fisues . : : ; : ; ‘ : - : 5 - 63 
Il. Reprines . 4 ; ‘ : ; : : A 2 ‘ 64 
CHAPTER YV. 

MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS, 

SECT. 

I. CRUSTACEA . . . eats ‘ : . A . 69 
CoLLECTING MoLuusks . f ‘ 2 : ‘ * 5 69 
PRESERVING SHELLS . é ; . 4 : i eine: 
Worms, ANIMAL PaRAsITEs, JELLY- Fiaeea ; 71 
CorALs, SzA-ANEMOoNES, Hyprorps AND Barocas Siete 

FisHEs, Sza-Urcuins, HoLoruurias, or Sma-CUcUMEEER: 
Beane AND SEA-WEEDS : 5 : f A hace 
I]. PREPARING SKELETONS . y : ; A ; A 73 
MountING SKELETONS : : ; oie (ar : AD iy fs! 
CHAPTER VI: 
COLLECTING AND PRESERVING Ecas ; F Z 2 1 6 
METHOD OF PREPARING A Book FOR Recorpiale THE MEASURE- 
MENTS OF EaeGs 4 s . ‘ - : “ 4 ; - mee 
PAROLE. 
CATALOGUE OF THE BirDs OF EASTERN MASSACHUSETTS . «aE 
INTRODUCTION : : cs ; , ; , : : : 83 
APPENDIX : : 4 : 4 ; 4 : ; Re tay | 


INDEX e e e e e e ° e e e . e 169 


LIST AND EXPLANATION OF PLATES. 


Frontispiece. Centronyx LBairdii, Baird. —Baird’s Sparrow, 
taken at Ipswich, Mass. 


PuaTE I.* InstRuMENTS used in preparing birds, ete., and for 
blowing eggs. Fig.1, Common Pliers; Fig. 2, Cutting Pliers; Fig. 
3, Tweezers; Fig. 4, Scalpel; Figs. 5 and 6, Egg-drills; Fig. 7, 
Blow-pipe; Fig. 8, Hook for removing embryos from eggs. 


PiatE II. — Wines, showing the positions of the different feathers, 
as follows : — 

Fig. 1. Wing of a Red-tailed Hawk (Buteo borealis, Vieill.).— 
a indicates the primaries, or quills; b, secondaries; c, tertiaries; 
d, scapularies ; g, greater wing-coverts ; f, lesser wing-coverts ; e, spuri- 
ous wing, or quills. 

Fig. 2. Wing of a Coot, or Mud Hen (Fulica Americana, Gmelin). — 
a indicates the primaries, or quills; b, secondaries; c, tertiaries; 
d, scapularies ; e, spurious wing, or quills. 

The tertiaries and scapularies are elongated in most of the aquatic 
birds, and in some of the Waders. They are always prominent, if not 
elongated, on long-winged birds, such as the Eagles, Hawks, Owls, 
Vultures, etc. ; while they are only rudimentary on short-winged birds, 
such as the Thrushes, Warblers, Sparrows, ete. 


Puate II. Heap or tue Barp Eacte. (Halietus leucocephalus, 
Savigny), showing the different parts, as follows: —a, the throat; 
b, chin; c, commissure, or the folding edges of the mandibles; d, 
under mandible; s, gonys; p, gape; g, upper mandible; h, culmen; 
- 1, tip; j, base of bill; k, cere (naked skin at the base of the upper 
_ mandible, prominent in the rapacious birds); 1, frontal feathers; 
m, lores; n, crown; 0, occiput. 


* Plates I., IV., V., VI., VIII., IX., X., and the frontispiece will be more fully 
explained hereafter. 


viii LIST OF PLATES. 


The irides are the colored circles that surround the pupil. The 
color of these decides the so-called “color of the eye.” 


Puate IV. ILtustRATES PREPARING Sxins.— Pgs. 1 and 2. 
Corrugated board, used in drying skins; d, skin on the board, in the 
proper position. F%ig.3. A “skin” prepared for scientific use; @, la- 
bel, on which is marked the number and sex. 


Piare V. Dissectep Sone Sparrow (Melospiza melodia, Baird), — 
illustrating the sexes in the breeding season, as follows :— Fig. 1. An 
adult female(Q); 1,1, peculiar yellow glands; 2, ovary; 3, oviduct ; 
4,lungs. ~ Fig. 2. An adult male ( 4); 1, lungs; 2, peculiar yellow 
glands; 3, 3, testicles. 


Prats VI. Dissectep Sone Sparrow, illustrating the sexes 
of the young-of-the-year, in autumn, as follows:— /%g.1. A young 
male ( #); 1, lungs; 2, 2, yellow glands; 8, 3, testicles. Fig. 2. A 
young female (9); 1,1, yellow glands; 2, ovary; 3, lungs; 4, ovi- 

duct. 


Pirate VII. Ovriine or Grouse, showing the position of the 
different parts, as follows: —a, the back; b, rump; ¢c, upper tail- 
coverts; d, under tail-coverts ; e, vent; f, tibia; g, tarsi; h, breast; 
i, side; j, neck; k, hind neck; 1, abdomen; m, feet; n, throat. 


Prats VII. ILLustTRATES MOUNTING Birps. — Figs. 1,2. Arti- 
ficial body ; a, bone of leg; b, wire bent; c, wire clenched ; f, h, tail 
wire. Fig. 3. Mounted bird; a, perpendicular line, showing the 
position of the head compared with the feet and base of the stand ; 
b, b, wires for retaining the upper part of the wing in position; ¢, ¢. 
wires for retaining the lower part of the wing in position; e, e, wires 
for the tail; d, showing the tail-feathers plaited; f, stand. Fig. 4. 
Stand for mounting birds with the wings extended ; b, b, parallel 
wires; c, wires bent; a, block of wood for the bottom of the stand, 
Fig. 5. Head of Cedar-Bird, to illustrate the elevating of the crest ; 
g, cotton on the pin; b, feathers of the crest in position on the cotton. 


Prater IX. Inxustrates mounting Mammats.—Fq. 1. A, 
plank for supporting iron rods; 8, iron rod for supporting head; 14, 
cap, nut, and screw for fastening the end of the rod in the skull; 
7,7, 7,7, iron rods to support the body ; 5, 6, 5, 6, caps, etc. for fastening 
the upper ends of the rods ‘to the plank; 17, 17, 17, 17, caps, ete. for 
fastening the lower part of the rods to the stand (10) ; 15, wire for 
supporting the tail; 16, 16,16, 16, 16, 16, 16, 16, artificial sections of 


LIST OF PLATES. 1x 


hemp, grass, or plaster used as a substitute for the natural body. - 
Fig. 2. A, nut; B, cap; C, thread. 


PLATE X. SKELETON OF A GROUSE, OR PRAIRIE HEN (Cupi- 
donia cupido, Baird), showing the different bones, as follows: — 
a, the skull; b, vertebra of the neck; c, humerus; d, forearm; f, pha- 
- langes; g, furcula; h, sternum; i, marginal indentations; j, thigh; 
k, tarsus; y, tibia; m, rump; n, coccygus; A, ribs; B, lower joint of 
thigh. 





PART I. 


—o—_ 
DIRECTIONS 
FOR COLLECTING, PRESERVING, AND MOUNTING 


BIRDS, MAMMALS, FISHES, 


ETC., ETC., ETC. 





BAHT T. 


GHAPTER I. 
COLLECTING AND PRESERVING BIRDS. 


Szction I. How to collect. — Personal experience is a 
good, and in fact the only adequate, teacher we can have 
in learning any art. The need of such a teacher is felt by 
none more than by the naturalist who wishes to bring to- 
gether a complete collection of the birds of even his own 
immediate district. Hence I trust I shall not be accused 
of egotism, if, in this section, I endeavor to impart to the 
reader some things that experience has taught me. 

It is of first importance for the collector to gain as com- 
plete a knowledge as possible of the notes and habits of 
birds, and of the localities frequented by those he wishes 
to procure. This knowledge may be gained by carefully 
studying ,the writings of men who have paid particular 
attention to the subject. Zoo much dependence must not 
be placed on books, as the best of these contain error as 
well as truth ; besides, birds are very variable in their hab- 
its in different localities. The collector must then depend 
mainly upon himself. He must visit every locality, — the 
mountain-top and the dark swampy thicket, as well as the 
meadow, the plain, or the open forest, as in each of these 
localities he will find species that he may not meet else- 
where. A little patience will help any one through the 
worst of places. 

The quaking bog, where a misstep may plunge the adven- 
turer into the slimy ooze, is also an excellent locality for 


4 THE NATURALIST’S GUIDE. 


certain species. But when the collector returns home wet 
and hungry, fatigued and disheartened, —as he now and 
then willf*—let him not be discouraged. Try again! the 
next day, and even the next, if need be, until the desired 
specimen is obtained. After all, the earnest naturalist will 
be amply rewarded for the exercise of patience and perse- 
verance by securing a rare specimen. | 

The ¢ruve naturalist never thinks of cold and disappoint- 
ment, of days of fatigue and hours of patient watching, 
when at last he holds in his hand the long-searched-for 
bird. Ample reward is this for all his former trials; he is 
now ready to go into bog and through brier. And thus the 
enthusiastic naturalist travels on, not discouraged by toil 
and trouble, laughed to scorn by the so-called “practical” 
men, who-are unable to appreciate his high motive. This, 
however, he forgets when in field or study he meets with 
the cordial greeting of his brother naturalist, as they with 
mutual interest relate their discoveries and adventures. 

To the travelling collector a few special hints are neces- 
sary. While visiting a remote region, but little known, 
one should not neglect to shoot numbers of every bird met 
with, even if they are common species at home, as they 
will not only furnish data on the distribution of the species, 
but they may present interesting characters peculiar to 
that locality.. Ifa certain species appears common, do not 
delay collecting specimens, for peculiar circumstances may 
have brought them together in unusual numbers ; at some 
future time they may be rare. - 

A well-trained dog is of great value while collecting 
birds, especially the Quails, Marsh Wrens, Sea-side and 
Sharp-tailed Finches, —in fact, all birds that are difficult to 
start in open meadows and grassy places. While search- 
ing thickets, great watchfulness should be observed, espe- 
cially in the autumn, when many birds have no conspicuous 
note, otherwise many of the more wary of the Warblers 


THE ART OF COLLECTING BIRDS. 5 


will escape notice. The “slightest chirp should be care- 
fully followed ; the slightest motion of the branches closely 
watched. If a bird is seen that is not fully recognized, it 
should be shot at once, for in no other way can it be de- 
termined whether it is not a rara aves. 

By carefully watching the motions of birds, the collector 
will soon become so expert as to be able generally to dis- 
tinguish the different species of Warblers, even at a dis- 
tance. Carefully scrutinize also the tops of tall forest- 
trees, as I have Eee taken, in autumn, some of the rarest 
Warblers. 

In spring male birds are quite readily found, as they are 
then in full song; but the same caution must be used in 
collecting females that is practised in autumn, as they are 
generally shy and difficult to find. Hence it is a good rule 
always to secure the female jirst, when she is seen with the 
male ; for, in spite of all the collector’s efforts, he will find 
that there will be four males to one female in his collection. 

During winter some birds may be found in the thick 
woods that one would hardly expect to find at this season, 
such as the Robin, Golden-winged Woodpecker, etc. The 
open fields should not be neglected even during snow- 
storms, as it is then that such ordinarily cautious birds as 
the Snowy Owl may be approached quite readily ; or the 
capture of a Jerfalcon may reward the collector for a 
disagreeable tramp. The salt marshes and sandy sea- 
shores are the resort of a great many winter birds, and 
the collector will perhaps find himself amply repaid for a 
few visits to these localities at this season. 

Do not neglect to collect the young of birds; by pro- 
- curing specimens of these from the time they become fully 
fledged unti. they attain the perfectly mature plumage, 
one becomes familiar with all the stages through which a 
given species passes, and will thus avoid many errors into 
which some of our eminent ornithologists have fallen, — 


6 THE NATURALIST’S GUIDE. 


that of mistaking the young of certain well-known birds 
for a different species from the adult; from not being ac- 
quainted with the immature stages. All birds should be 
taken that exhibit any unusual characters, such as unusu- 
ally large or small bills or feet ; or change of plumage, such 
as very pale, or very bright, cases of albinism, etc. 

The gun used by a collector should have a small bore, 
not larger than No. 14, for shooting small birds ; for ‘Ducks, 
and other large water-birds, one of larger calibre will be 
found more effectual. The best shot to use for small birds 
is ‘ Dust shot,” if it can be procured ; if not, No. 12 will 
answer. No. 8 will do for Ducks and large birds. For 
Hawks and Eagles, Ealy’s wire cartridges are the best. 

In shooting small birds, load as lightly as possible. Put 
in no more shot than is required to kill the bird. As you 
can approach very near most small birds, you will find, 
by experiment, that you can kill them with very little shot. 
If too much powder is used, it will impel the shot with 
so much force as to send it completely through the bird, 
thereby making two holes, when less powder, by causing 
less force, would have made only one, and the bird would 
have been killed just as effectually. When shot goes into 
the body of a bird, it generally carries feathers with it, and 
in a measure plugs the hole ; but when it is forced through 
and comes out, it often carries away a small patch of feath- 
ers and skin, leaving an open wound, from which the blood 
flows freely. 

If the bird is not instantly killed by shooting, the 
thumb and forefinger should be placed with a firm pres- 
sure on each side of its body under the wings, when it will 
soon die. This operation compresses the lungs and pre- 
vents the bird’s breathing. Besides mercifully ending its 
suffering, its death causes the flow of blood in a great 
measure to cease, for this reason it should be killed as 
quickly as possible. 


THE ART OF COLLECTING BIRDS. 7 


The mouth, nostrils, and vent should now be plugged 
with cotton or tow. By blowing aside the feathers the, shot- 
holes may be detected ; if they bleed, or are in the abdo- 
men or rump, a pinch of calcined plaster * should be placed 

upon them ; this absorbs the blood, or any fluid that may 
ooze out. When shot enters either the abdomen or rump, 
it is apt to cut the intestines and set free the fluids con- 
tained therein. If the blood has already soiled the feath- 
ers, remove as inuch as is possible with a knife, then sprinkle 
plaster on the spot, and rub the soiled feathers gently be- 
tween the thumb and fingers; this, if repeated, will gen- 
erally remove any spots of blood, etc., if the operation is 
performed before the blood becomes dry. When the blood 
is dry, it is removed after the bird is skinned, as will be 
hereafter described. 

Next make a note of the color of the eyes, feet, and bill 
of the specimens, also note the color of the cere in birds of 
prey, and the naked skin of the lores and about the bill of 
the Herons, also about the heads of the Vultures. After 
smoothing the feathers carefully, place the bird in a paper 
cone,t head first, then pin or twist up the larger end, tak- 
ing care not to injure the tail-feathers. The blood can be 
washed from the feathers of all the swimmers, but the bird, 
in this case, should be allowed to dry before packing in 
paper. If grease or oily matter has oozed out upon the 
feathers, the bird should not be washed, but the plaster 
be used as before, only in larger quantities. 

All traces of blood should be instantly removed from 
white feathers, as it is very apt to stain them if it remains 
upon them long. The paper containing the bird should 

* This is burned plaster or gypsum, and is used by stucco-makers. 
If it cannot be procured, the unburned plaster or common ground gypsum 
used by farmers, or air-slacked lime, pulverized chalk, or ashes, — in fact, 
ipa that will absorb the blood, — will answer. 


The leaves of an old pamphlet are about the right size for making 
- cones for small birds, and can be easily obtained. 


8 THE NATURALISTS GUIDE. 


be placed in a light basket, —a willow fish-basket is the 
best for this purpose, —suspended by a strap over the shoul- 
der, and resting upon the hip. If there are but one or two 
birds in the basket, it should be filled with grass, or loose 
paper, to keep them steady, as otherwise they might re- 
ceive injury by rolling from side to side. In packing birds, 
avoid putting the largest at the top, as their weight will 
cause the smallest to bleed. Do not hold a bird in the 
hand any longer than is necessary ; if possible, take it by 
the feet or bill, for the perspiration from the hand tends to 
impair the gloss of the plumage. 

A good collector must practise, in order to become a good 
shot. He must always keep his gun in readiness, for at 
any moment a bird that he desires may start up at his feet, 
or peer out from the bushes for only an instant before 
flying away; by being ready, he will thus secure many 
birds that he would otherwise lose. 

To be in readiness at all times, the gun should be car- 
ried in the hollow of the left arm, with the muzzle pointed 
backwards, or with the stock under the right arm, with the 
muzzle pointed towards the ground, which is undoubtedly 
the safest way, especially if you are hunting with a com- 
panion. Too much caution cannot be used in handling a 
loaded gun, especially by a professional collector, who may 
spend two thirds of his time with a gun in his hand. A 
gun should never be carried in other than three ways, — 
the two above mentioned and directly over. the shoulder. 
If the collector becomes accustomed to these ways, which 
are all perfectly safe, he will never think of any other. 
Surely, this caution is necessary to one who is travelling 
through all sorts of places, when a slip or a fall with a care- 
lessly held gun might sunne him for life, by an accidental 
discharge. 

While passing through thick bushes, always carry the 
gun under the arm, as this prevents its accidental dis- 


THE ART OF COLLECTING BIRDS. 9 


charge by the bushes catching the trigger or hammer. 
Never allow the muzzle of the gun to point at any one, 
even for an instant. All these things depend upon habit, 
and will cause a thoughtful man, who has handled a gun for 
a long time, to be much more careful than a person who 
seldom takes one in his hands. The thoughtful man 
prefers rather to avoid accidents to himself and others— 
by care in advance — than to risk the chance of having to 
mourn his carelessness afterwards. The various devices for 
snaring birds are undoubtedly the best ways to secure them 
without injuring their plumage. But the collector will 
have to rely mainly upon his gun; and by following the 
above instruction regarding the light charges, he will find 
that he will generally kill a bird without injuring its 
plumage seriously. If he carefully attends to it afterward 
in the way described, he will save himself much trouble 
when he wishes to preserve it. 

In an old French cook-book may be found a receipt for a 
rabbit-stew, commencing with, “ First, catch your rabbit,” 
etce., —which rule is applicable to the collector. First, study 
with attention the art of collecting. Many and long have 
been the lessons in collecting that I have taken in long tramps 
through sunshine and storm, in the bracing air among the 
mountains of Northern Maine and New Hampshire, on 
sandy islands and rocky shores, amid the luxuriant forests 
and along the rivers and lagoons of semi-tropical Florida. 
Hours of danger and perplexity have been mingled with 
days of inexpressible pleasure, which all must experience 
who study from the Great Book of Nature. Not easily, 
then, I may add, have I learned what I am trying to im- 
part to others in these pages. 

Since writing the preceding, I have been informed by 
my friend, Mr. W. Brewster, of Cambridge, that in collect- 
ing such small birds as the Warblers, Sparrows, Wrens, etc., 


he has used a ‘“‘blow-gun” to great advantage, constructed 
|* 


10 THE NATURALIST’S GUIDE. 


somewhat after the pattern of the celebrated instrument 
that is used by the natives of some portions of South 
_ America to shoot poisoned arrows. His “gun” is made 
of pine-wood, and is about four feet and a half long; it is 
bored smoothly the whole length with a quarter-inch hole. 
For ammunition Mr. Brewster uses balls made of soft 
putty. These, blown at birds, will hit them. hard enough 
to kill, if the gun be aimed rightly, which .art can be 
acquired by practice. This is certainly the preferable way 
to collect small birds, as it does the plumage no harm. I 
would suggest, however, that a tube of thin brass be used - 
in place of wood; if it were longer, say six feet, it would carry 
with greater force and more accuracy. Glass would be still 
better, if it could be supported by wood to prevent break- 
age, as it would be much smoother. The balls of putty 
should be made to fit moderately tight. I have never 
tried this method myself, but Mr. Brewster has, in a satis- 
factory manner, as described above. I only wait an oppor- 
tunity to test them myself, and trust that others will do 
the same. 

Section II. How to prepare Specimens. Instruments, 
Materials, etc.* —The instruments needed in preserving 
birds and mammals are: a pair of common pliers, Plate I. 
Fig. 1; a pair of cutting pliers, Fig. 2; a pair of tweezers, 
Fig. 3; a scalpel, Fig. 4; two brushes, —one soft, the other 
stiff; a flat file, and needles and thread. 

The materials needed are: wire of annealed iron of sizes 
between 26 and 10, also some very fine copper wire; 
common thread, coarse and fine, also some very fine, soft 
thread from the cotton-factories, — this is wound on what 
are called “bobbins”; it is used in the manufacture of 
cloth,—cotton tow or hemp, and fine grass; for the latter 
the long tough kind that grows in the woods is the best. . 


* All the instruments and the wire may be procured at the hardware 
stores in the cities or larger towns. 


MATERIALS, ETC. 





rf 


Fig? Big. 4. fig 6 


Plate I. 


12 THE NATURALIST’S GUIDE. 


Arsenic is the best substance that can be used in preserv- 
ing skins, and the only one necessary. Other preparations 
are no better, and often much worse. Strange as it may ap- 
pear to some, I would say avoid especially all the so-called 
arsenical soaps; they are at best but filthy preparations ; 
beside, it is a fact to which I can bear painful testimony, 
that they are — especially when applied to a greasy skin — 
poisonous in the extreme. I have been so badly poisoned, 
while working upon the skins of some fat water-birds that 
had been preserved with arsenical soap, as to be made 
seriously ill, the poison having worked into the system 
through some small wounds or scratches on my hands. 
Had pure arsenic been used in preparing the skins the 
effect would not have been as bad, although grease and 
arsenic are generally a blood poison in some degree; but 
when combined with “soap,” the effect — at least, as far as 
my experience goes —is much more injurious. 

Arsenic alone will sometimes poison slightly the wound 
with which it comes in contact, but no more than com- 
mon salt. There will be a slight festering and nothing 
more ; but, on the contrary, when combined with fat, a 
poison is generated that must be carefully guarded against. 
It sometimes works under the nails of the fingers and 
thumbs, while one is at work skinning (especially if the 
birds are fat). Rubber cots should be put upon the fingers 
or thumbs the instant the slightest wound is detected, 
whereby much pain may be avoided at a small cost. The 
cots alluded to can be procured of almost any druggist for 
ten cents each. 

Arsenic, however, cannot be used with too great care, 
as it is a deadly poison. In no case should it be left in 
the way of children. I have a drawer, wide, long, and 
shallow, in the bench at which I work upon birds, where 
my arsenic is kept safely, and it is always accessible. But 
there is probably not so much danger attending the use 


MATERIALS, ETC. 13 


of pure dry arsenic as people generally suppose. I have 
been told repeatedly, by competent physicians, that the 
small quantity taken, either by inhalation while using it, 
or by numerous other accidental ways, would be beneficial, 
rather than injurious; but be that as it may, I have used 
dry arsenic constantly for ten years, and have not yet, I 
think, experienced any injurious effects from it. It must 
be remembered that I have, of course, used it carefully. 
When used with care, in the ordinary manner, it is un- 
doubtedly the safest and the best material that can be 
used in preparing skins for the cabinet. I have never yet 
had a skin decay, or attacked by moths, that was well pre- 
served by the use of arsenic. Arsenic is very chéap, vary- 
ing from five to ten cents per pound by the wholesale, and 
retailed at twenty-five cents by druggists, but when bought 
by the ounce the price is enormous. 

There is, however, another poison to which one is exposed 
while skinning animals, which cannot be too carefully 
guarded against, for it is much more injurious in its effects 
than fat ‘and arsenic. I speak of the animal poison that 
results from the first stage of decomposition. If on a warm 
day one skins birds from which an offensive odor arises, 
and a peculiar livid or purplish appearance of the skin 
upon the abdomen is seen, and the intestines are distended 
with an extremely poisonous gas, — which is the source 
of the offensive, sickening odor,— there is danger of be- 
ing poisoned. When this gas is inhaled, or penetrates the 
skin through the pores (which are generally open on a 
warm day), a powerful and highly dangerous poison is apt 
to be the result. 

In a few days numerous pimples, which are exceedingly 
painful, appear upon the skin of the face and other parts 
of the person, and upon those parts where there is a chaf- 
ing or rubbing become large and deep sores. There is a 
general languor, and, if badly poisoned, complete prostration 


14 THE NATURALIST’S GUIDE. 


results; the slightest scratch upon the skin becomes a fes- — 
tering sore. Once poisoned in this manner (and I speak 
from experience), one is never afterwards able to skin any 
animal that has become in the /east putrid, without ex- 
periencing some-of the symptoms above described. Even 
birds that you handled before with impunity, you cannot 
now skin without great care. 

The best remedy in this case is, as the Hibernian would 
say, not to get poisoned, — to avoid skinning all birds that 
exhibit the slightest signs of putrescence ; this is especially 
to be guarded against in warm weather, and in hot cli- 
mates, where I have seen a single hour’s work upon putrid 
birds nearly prove fatal to the careless individual. 

If you get poisoned, bathe the parts frequently in cold 
water; and if chafed, sprinkle the parts, after bathing, 
with wheat flour. These remedies, if persisted in, will effect 
a cure, if not too bad; then, medical advice should be pro- 
cured without delay. | 

It is just as easy to skin fresh birds as putrid ones, 
and much pleasanter, and in this way the evil will be 
avoided. If it is necessary to skin a putrid bird, — as in 
the case of a rare specimen, —a good bath of the hands 
and face in clear, cold water will entirely prevent the 
poison from taking effect, provided the skinning is not 
protracted too long. But generally, if the bird is putrid, 
I would advise the collector to throw it away, and obtain 
others that are safer to skin. 

If birds and mammals are injected, by means of a small 
_glass syringe, with a small quantity of carbolic acid at the 
mouth and vent, it will prevent decomposition from taking 
place immediately. After injecting, the mouth and vent 
should be plugged to prevent the acid from staining the 
feathers. Birds injected in this way for three successive 
days will continue fresh for a long time, and, if kept in a 
dry place, will harden completely without decomposing. 


MATERIALS, ETC. 15 


They may afterwards be skinned, as will be described here- 
after. Impure carbolic acid will answer as well as the 
refined, and it is much cheaper. 

The cost of this acid is trifling, and it will often prove 
beneficial in preserving birds in warm weather when they 
cannot be skinned immediately. But I would not advise 
its use in preserving birds when. it can possibly be avoided, 
as it dulls the plumage, and is offensive in its odor in con- 
nection with the juices of the birds while they are being 
skinned. It is, perhaps, needless to add that this acid 
is a dangerous internal poison; it also burns the skin 
badly when allowed to come in contact with it, but all 
injurious aes may be removed by applying oil to the 
spot. 

As a collector walks much, he must have something on 
his feet that is easy and at the same time serviceable. I 
have found that in stony countries like New England the 
best things are canvas shoes that lace up in front, tightly 
about the ankles and over the instep, to prevent slipping up 
and down, which is the worst possible thing that could 
happen while on a long tramp ; the soles should be broad, 
so that the toes may have room enough without crowding. 
With such shoes I have found that I could walk farther 
than with anything else, and be less wearied in the end. 
If the feet are wet from walking in water, with canvas 
shoes on them they will soon dry, as the water will all run 
out upon walking a short time on dry ground. Anything 
that is water-proof will be much too heavy to travel in, 
besides being injurious to the feet. 

In sandy localities, or on marshes, or in winter when the 
snow covers the ground, Indian moccasons are the easiest 
and best things that can possibly be worn; but in stony 
places they are not of sufficient thickness to protect the 
feet from receiving injury from the hard surface, other- 
wise they are exceedingly easy. They are not water-proof, 


16 THE NATURALIST’S GUIDE. 


so that unless the snow is frozen in winter they are of no 
use. These moccasons can be procured almost anywhere 
in Maine and New Hampshire, and sometimes in Boston. 
They are manufactured mostly in Canada. For clothes, 
perhaps the best that can be worn in summer is a suit 
of fine canvas of some dark color, to correspond with the 
foliage; in winter, white, to correspond with the snow; 
in both cases the wearer is less conspicuous, and can ap- 
proach his game much more readily. This cloth will not 
wear out or ee easily, and is every way fitted for travel- 
ling in the woods. 

I would next call attention to making stands on which 
to put birds after they have been mounted, as one of the 
necessities of the cabinet. Simple stands in the form of 
the letter T (Plate VIII. Fig. 3, f) are generally wanted. 
Any carpenter can make them. Different sizes will be 
needed, from one with the standard two inches high with a 
cross-piece one inch long, to a foot standard with a six-inch 
cross-piece, with bottoms to match. Ifmade of pine, these 
stands may be painted white, of a very pure unchanging 
color, in the following manner. Buy white zine at thirty 
cents per pound, and nice frozen glue at from twenty-five 
to thirty cents per pound ; dissolve the glue thoroughly in 
hot water, then strain ; to a pint and a half of water use a 
quarter of a pound of glue,:to this add one pound of zine, 
stir well, with the vessel that contains it in boiling water, 
then, with a brush, apply to the stands; put on two coats. 
If the paint has a yellowish cast, put in a few drops of 
bluing; it will change it at once. Thus you will find 
that you have a nice white coat of paint that will remain 
unchanged longer than oil colors. Any other color can be 
used, if preferred, in the same manner. 

Fancy stands are made in the following way. For mossy 
stands, select a wooden bottom of suitable shape and size, — 
those with the edges bevelled are generally used, —and 


MATERIALS, ETC. Alyy 


with the pliers force a piece of wire into it in the centre, 
then bend the wire in imitation of a branch or small tree, 
then wind it with hemp to give it the required shape ; 
additional wires may be fastened on to represent the smaller 
twigs. 

The whole is now to be covered with a coating of glue, 
and sprinkled with pulverized moss, or small pieces of 
moss are placed upon it smoothly. If the work is per- 
formed neatly, a perfect imitation of a little tree will be the 
result, upon which the bird is placed. If artificial leaves 
are to be used, they may be placed upon the twigs with 
glue. 

If, instead of a wire, a twig bent in the required form 
can be procured, and fastened to the bottom with wire, 
it may be covered with moss without winding with hemp. 
The fancy stands seen with dealers in birds are generally 
made of a substance called papier-maché, that is, manu- 
factured of paper pulp and glue as follows: Tear paper 
in small pieces and place it in water, let it stand over- 
night. Then, as it will be entirely soaked, reduce it to 
_ 4 perfect pulp, either by forcing it through a Sieve or by 
stirring it. When reduced to a pulp, drain the water 
away. Dissolve a quarter of a pound of glue in a pint of 
water ; mix with this a pint of pulp, heat it, and stir it 
well; then it is ready for use. Prepare a stand as de- 
scribed. Mould the pulp upon it in any shape to suit 
the fancy. It should have the consistency of putty, in 
order to work well. If it is too thin, put in more of the 
pulp ; if too dry, more water. 

With this substance you can imitate almost anything in 
the shape of miniature trees, with hollows, knots, crooked 
limbs, etc. By drawing over the whole, when finished, a 
comb, the bark of a tree can be imitated exactly. When 
perfectly dry, the limbs of the tree can be painted brown 


in the manner described. The bottom of the stand is 
B 


18 THE NATURALIST’S GUIDE. 


painted green, and sprinkled with a substance resembling 
green sand, called ‘“smolt,” which may be procured at 
the painter’s; over this is sometimes sprinkled thin glass, 
broken fine, which is called “frosting,” and is also used by 
painters. 

Rocks can be imitated well with papier-maché. If stud- 
ded with small pieces of quartz the effect is heightened; 
they then may be painted in imitation of granite, sand- 
stone, etc. The sandstone is easily imitated by sprinkling 
on sand before the pulp is dry. There are many other 
things that may be imitated with this wonderful substance, 
but, having given the preceding hints, I leave the reader to 
experiment at his leisure upon them. 

For the scientific cabinet I would advise the use of 
the plain white stands as being much neater. The others 
are only fit for ornament. 

One other thing is necessary. Take a thin board, and 
at intervals of two inches tack transversely strips of wood 
(Plate IV. Fig. 1); then cut a strip of paper as wide as 
the board, and with glue make it adhere at the top of the 
strips and at the middle of the intervening space, so as to 
form a corrugated appearance (Fig. 2). These are used in 
drying skins of birds. Each board should have about 
twelve such spaces, varying in width from two to four 
inches, the boards varying in width from four inches to 
one foot. ‘These boards, with careful use, will last a long 
time. 

Section III. deasuring, Skinning, and Preserving Birds. 
— For measuring, a pair of dividers, or compasses, a steel 
rule, divided into hundredths of an inch, and a longer 
rule, divided into inches and half-inches, will be wanted. 
To measure the bird, proceed as follows: Place the bird 
upon its back upon the longer rule, with the end of the 
tail at the end of the rule; the neck is stretched at full 
length, without straining; the bill must be pointed with 





ee ps tt a | oT 


BNO 


TMG Wy 


ja da 


Fig. 2 


Plate II. 


20 THE NATURALIST’S GUIDE. 


the rule. Record the number of inches upon a strip of 
paper; if there is a fractional part of an inch, measure it 
with the dividers, and find how many hundredths it con- 
tains upon the smaller rule, and record it. This is “the 
length of the bird.” 


Stretch the wings out to the full length, with the bird 


still upon its back; measure these from tip to tip as ‘the 
stretch of wing.” Measure the wing from the tip to the 
carpel joint, or bend, with the dividers (Plate X. d), for “the 


length of the wing.” The tail is to be measured —also. 


with the dividers—from the tip to the root for “the 
length of the tail.” Measure the tarsus (Plate VII. g) as 
“the length of the tarsus.” Measure the bill, from the tip 


of the upper mandible to the base (if the base is not well 


defined, as in the Ducks, measure to the feathers) ; this is 
“the length of bill along the culmen” (Plate III. h). 
Measure from the tip of the upper mandible to the gape 
(e) for “the length from gape”; also from the tip of 
the lower mandible to the angle of the gonys (s) for “the 
length of gonys”(c) In the Hawks, measure to the 
cere. 

The color of the eyes, feet, and bill is now observed 
and recorded, also the date of collection and the locality in 
which the bird was collected. If the bird is in worn plu- 
mage, the fact should be recorded, as this will affect the 
measurements; also if it is moulting or in perfect plu- 
mage. As the records now made are only temporary, signs 
may be used to save time, such as X would denote an 
adult bird in perfect plumage, Y|—— would denote a 
young bird in worn plumage, YY| | would denote a 
young bird not a year old and moulting, —this stage in the 
life of the bird is called the “young-of-the-year.” By 
using some such signs as these much time will be saved. 








When the collector becomes expert at measuring, he will . 


find that all small birds can be measured and recorded in 


TIT 93°1(d 


THE ART OF PRESERVING BIRDS. 





ane 





22 THE NATURALIST’S GUIDE. 


about three minutes, and the larger ones in a little longer 
time. | 

Skinning. — First, have plenty of plaster near at hand. 
Remove the cotton from the mouth and vent, and place 
a fresh plug in the mouth alone. The method now about 
to be described is one that will apply to all birds, excepting 
those to be hereafter named. 

Place the bird upon its back; with the forefinger and 
thumb part the feathers on the abdomen, and a bare longi- 
tudinal space will be discovered, extending from the breast 
to the vent. With the scalpel divide the skin in the 
centre of this bare space, commencing at the lower part of 
the breast-bone, or sternum (Plate X. 0), and ending at the 
vent. Now peel the skin off to the right and left, and 
sprinkle plaster upon the exposed abdomen. Force the 
leg on the right side up wnder the skin, at the same time 
drawing the skin down until the joint (p) appears; cut 
through this joint and draw the leg out as far as the 
tarsus or first joint (k); with the point of the knife sever 
the tendons on the lower part of the leg, then by a single 
scraping motion upwards they may all be removed, com- 
pletely baring the bone; treat the other leg in a like man- 
ner, leaving both turned out as they were skinned. Place 
the finger under the rump near the tail, then with the 
scalpel cut through the backbone just in front of the coc- 
cygus (n) entirely through the flesh to the skin, —the 
finger beneath is a guide to prevent cutting the skin. This 
may be done very quickly after long practice, and there 
is no danger of severing the skin if proper care be used. 
Put on a fresh supply of plaster. Now grasp the end of 
the backbone firmly between the thumb and forefinger, 
and with the other hand pull the skin down on all sides 
towards the head, until the joint of the wing, where the 
last bone, or humerus (r), is joined to the body, appears ; 
sever the bones at this joint, and draw the skin down 


THE ART OF PRESERVING BIRDS. 5 


over the neck and head. Whén the ears appear, with 
the thumb-nail remove the skin that adheres closely to 
the skull without breaking it, pull down to the eyes, then 
cut the skin off close to the eyelids, taking care not. to 
cut or injure them; but be sure and cut close enough to 
remove the nictating membrane, as it will otherwise cause 
trouble. Skin well down to the base of the bill. Re- 
move the eye with the point of the knife by thrusting 
it down at the side between the eye and the socket, then 
with a motion upward it can be removed without breaking ; 
cut off enough of the back part of the skull to remove the 
brains easily. Proceed to skin the wings; draw them out 
until the forearm (Plate X. d) appears, to which the sec- 
ondaries are attached; with the thumb-nail detach them 
‘by pressing downward forcibly. Remove the muscles and 


tendons — as explained on the leg —to the joint, where 


the forearm joins the humerus (B), then divgle, removing 
the humerus entirely. 

Now open the drawer containing the arsenic, and with 
a small flat piece of wood cover the skin completely with 
it; be sure that the cavities from which the brains and 
eyes were removed are filled. Take up the skin and 
shake it gently. The arsenic that remains adhering to it 
is sufficient to preserve it, provided the skin is damp 
enough ; if not, it may be moistened slightly. Now fill the 
eye-holes * with cotton, tie the wing-bones with thread, as 
near together as the back of the bird was broad, then 
turn the skin back into its former position. Smooth the 
feathers of the head and wings with the fingers. With a 
few strokes of the feather duster, holding the skin up by 
the bill, remove the plaster and arsenic that may be ad- 
hering to the feathers. 

If there is blood upon the feathers, it may be removed 
— if there is not much of it, and if it is dry — with the 


* By which I mean the holes occupied by the eyes in the skull, 


"s e as 


24. THE NATURALIST’S GUIDE. 


stiff brush by continuous brushing, assisted by scraping 
with the thumb-nail. A living bird-cleans blood from its 
plumage by drawing each feather separately through its 
beak, thereby scraping off the blood; the thumb-nail 
performs the part of the bill. If much bloody, with a soft 
sponge and water-wash away all traces of blood; then 
throw plaster upon the wet spot, and remove it before it 
has time to harden or “set.” By repeating this opera- 
tion, at the same time lifting the feathers so as to allow 
the plaster to dry every part, and by using the soft brush, 
the feathers will soon dry. In this way any stains may be 
removed. 

If the plumage is greasy, wash it with warm water and 
strong soap long enough to remove every particle of fatty 
matter that adheres to the feathers; then rinse thoroughly 
in warm water, afterwards in cold. Be sure and remove 
all traces of the soap before putting on the plaster to dry, 
as the soap will be changed by the plaster into a gummy 
substance, which will be very difficult to remove. : 

After smoothing the feathers carefully, place the skin 
upon its back. With the tweezers take up a small roll 
of hemp or cotton, as large round and as long as the neck of 
the body that was taken out, and place it in the neck of 
the skin, taking care that the throat is well filled out ; then, 
by grasping the neck.on each side with the thumb and 
finger, the hemp or cotton may be held in place, and the 
tweezers withdrawn. After placing the wings in the same 
position as the bird would have them when at rest, with 
the bones of the forearm pushed well into the skin, —so that 
they may lie down each side, and not cross each other, — 
with a needle and thread sew through the skin and the 
first quill of the primaries by pushing the needle through 
the skin on the znsede and through the quill opposite, but 
be sure that the wing is in the proper place. (If it is too far 
forward, the feathers of the sides of the breast, that ought to 


THE ART OF PRESERVING BIRDS. 2D 


lie smoothly over the bend of the wing, will be forced up 
and backward. If the wing is placed too far back, there 
will be a bare spot upon the side of the neck, — caused by 
the wing-coverts, which help, in connection with the feath- 
ers of the back, to hide the spot, being drawn either 
down or back too far. If the wing is placed too low, the 
same spot is seen, only it is elongated and extends along 
the back between the secondaries and feathers of the back ; 
if too high, the feathers of the back will appear pushed up, 
and will not lie smooth for obvious reasons. When the 
wing is in the right position, the feathers of the wing- 
coverts and back will blend nicely and smoothly, and the 
feathers of the sides of the breast will lie smoothly over 
the bend of the wing; the ends of the closed quills will 
lie flat upon the tail, or nearly so.) Now draw the thread 
through so that but an inch is visible inside the skin, 
then push the needle through the skin from, the outside 
just below the quill that it came out through, draw the 
thread through, and tie to the projecting end, thereby 
fastening the wing firmly to the side ; proceed in this way 
with the other wing. 

Roll up loosely an oblong body of cotton or hemp of 
the same size as the body taken out, place it in the skin 
neatly, then draw the edges of the skin together where the 
incision was made, and sew them once in the centre; tie 
the ends of the thread together., Take care to put the 
needle through the edge of the skin so as not to disturb the 
feathers. Smooth the feathers on the abdomen. Cross 
the feet upon the tail (Plate IV. Fig. 3), — which is spread _ 
slightly, — then place the skin upon its back in the 
rounded places of the drying-board, spoken of on page 
18 (Fig. 1, d), taking care that the feathers of the 
back are perfectly smooth. This rounded bed gives the 
back a natural rounded appearance, which cannot be 
made easily in any other way. Place the head with the 

2 


26 


THE NATURALIST’S GUIDE. 




















Plate IV. 


THE ART OF PRESERVING BIRDS. 27 


bill horizontal with the back or bottom of the rounded 
space, with the culmen (Plate IV., Fig. 1, d) nearly touch- 
ing the paper. The skin must remain in this position 
without being disturbed until perfectly dry, which in very 
warm weather, with small birds, will be in about twenty- 
four hours. | 

If this corrugated board cannot be procured, the skin 
may be placed on its back upon a flat surface, with a 
little cotton on each side of it to prevent its getting dis- 
placed. This is what is technically termed “a skin” 
(Fig. 3), and this method of making them is the best I 
have ever seen practised, and one that I have used for 
years ag being the most expedient, The skins so made 
are less liable to injury, being stronger than some. others, 
and are also very easily mounted. I have made in a 
single day, in the manner described, fifty skins, and with 
practice almost any one will be able to do the same; ten 
minutes being ample time for each, including the meas- 
uring. 

Before the skin is placed upon the board, it should be 
labelled (Fig. 3, #) with a number corresponding to the 
one placed upon the slip of paper containing the meas- 
urements, etc., marked also for the sex of the bird, which 
is done by using for the male the sign of the planet 
Mars, thus @; for the female the sign of the planet 
Venus is used, thus 9. These signs are used by natural- 
ists throughout the scientific world, and it is best to be- 
come accustomed to them. 

Determining the Sea.—The sex of the bird is determined, 
not by the plumage, which will sometimes set the student 
at fault by its changes, and should never be trusted in de- 
termining the sex, but by dissection, as follows: Take the 
body of the bird after it has been removed, and cut with 
the scalpel through the ribs (Plate X. A) on the sides 
of the abdomen, thereby exposing the intestines; raise 


eh a THE NATURALIST’S GUIDE. 


these gently with the point of the knife, and beneath them 
will be seen the sexual organs, which are fully illustrated 
in the following diagrams. 

Puate V., Fig. 2, is an adult male (@) in the’ breeding 
season. 1 shows the position of the lungs, 2 the pecu- 
liar yellowish glands, — in some birds bright yellow, in the 
present case — that of a song sparrow (Melospiza melodia, 
Baird) — they are yellowish white, which, being present 
in both sexes, if not examined closely, may be easily mis- 
taken, in the young female, for the testicles of the male. 
3, 3, are the testicles, much enlarged in this, the breeding 
season. ‘he sex of a bird in this stage is easily deter- 
mined. 

Puate VL, Fig. 1, is a young male (@) in the young- 
of-the-year plumage. The figures refer to the same parts 
as explained in the preceding. It will be perceived that 
the testicles (3) are much smaller. At different seasons, 
the testicles vary in size between this and the preceding. 
In some birds they are elongated, and black in color, 
as in the Herons; but they always occupy the same posi- 
tions so nearly as to be readily distinguished. The pecu- 
liar white glands (2) are in this instance very prominent, 
but they are readily known in all birds by their being flat, — 
while the testicles are always spherical. 

Puats V., Fig. 1. This is an adult female (9?) in the 
breeding season. 1, 1, are the same peculiar glands observed 
in the males; 2 is the ovary, a mass of spheres at this 
season quite yellow and prominent; 3 is the oviduct, or 
ege-passage, much enlarged in the present case, as it always 
is during the breeding season, when it assumes a thick, 
swollen appearance, while at other times it is translucent, 
much smaller, and resembles a narrow, whitish line, not 
readily perceived. 

Puate VI., Fig. 2, is a young-of-the-year female in au- 
tumn. 1,1, the same white glands that at this stage of the 


THE ART OF PRESERVING BIRDS. 





Fy O° | wi 
MV 
Adalt 1 IV a 

v\\ 
Y 
Vi) 
WN ¥ 

UN 

vA (Ke 


Plate V. | 


29 


30 


THE NATPRALIST'S GUIDE. 





Plate VI. 


‘ ss hoe 
ai eae 
cee od 


THE ART OF PRESERVING BIRDS. 31 


bird’s life might at first sight be mistaken for the testicles 
of the male, but, upon looking closely the ovary (2) can 
be-perceived, very small; upon applying a magnifying-glass 
it appears granular. 

With these remarks and diagrams, I think any one with 
ordinary ability will, with a little practice, be able to de- 
termine this very important character in the scientific 
study of birds. 

Contents of Stomach, etc. —The contents of the stomach 
must next be examined, which is done by opening the giz- 
zard and crop. A little practice will enable the collector 
to state correctly what it contains, although the glass is 
sometimes necessary, as in the case of small birds. This 
is then recorded upon the slip of paper, which is put on 
file, to be copied into a book, in the following manner,— 
leaving a page, or, if the book is not wide enough, two 
pages, for each species, — first placing the sceentyjic name at 
the head, as seen on the following page. 

A book prepared in this manner, carefully indexed and 
paged, will, when it is filled with the measurements of 
birds, be of immense value for comparative measurements, 
besides giving the collector a complete history of each of 
his specimens. 

Exceptions to the usual Method of Skinning. — All birds 
are to be prepared in the preceding manner, with the fol- 
lowing exceptions. 

All Woodpeckers with a large head and small neck — of 
which the Pileated Woodpecker (Hylotomus pileatus, Baird) 
is an example —should be skinned in the same manner as 
far as the neck, which should be severed, as it is impos- 
sible to turn the skin over the head; cut through the skin 
on the back of the head, making a longitudinal insertion 
of an inch or more, and draw the head through this. It 
should be carefully sewn up after the skin is turned back. 
Such specimens, when laid out to dry, should have the 





THE NATURALIST’S GUIDE. 


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THE ART OF PRESERVING BIRDS. oo 


head so placed that the bill is turned at right angles with 
the body, with the head resting on one side, and not on the 
back as before. 

All Ducks with large heads should be skinned in the 
same way, with the exception that the insertion must be 
made under the head, on the throat. Ducks, Herons, Geese, 
large Sandpipers, and all other long-necked birds, should, 
when placed to dry, rest upon the breast, with the head 
and neck placed upon the back, and the head turned on 
one side. Herons with very long necks should have them 
bent once. The bill must be placed parallel with the neck 
and pointing forward. 

While travelling it is not always convenient to fill out 
the bodies of large birds; it is better to pack them flat, 
with but little cotton in them, —just enough, however, to 
keep the opposite parts of the skin from coming in contact. 
The neck should always be filled. When it is impossible 
- to procure stuffing for small birds, they may be packed flat 
also. 

Birds that have been preserved with carbolic acid, even 
after they have been lying for years, and have become 
perfectly dry, may be skinned in the following manner: 
Place wet cotton or hemp under the wings, in the throat, 
‘and around the legs, and finally envelop the whole body 
in a thick coating. Place it in a close box, and let it 
remain a day or two until it is softened, then take it out 
and remove the skin as before directed; but more care will 
have to be exercised than in skinning fresh birds. Alco- 
holic specimens may be skinned; but the wet plumage had 
better be dried in the air/vithout plaster. Mr. A. L. Bab- 
cock has a number of ( .ounted birds in his collection at 
Sherborne, Massachusetts, that were preserved in alcohol, 
and sent from South America. 

The beginner will find that some birds, such as the 
Cuckoos, Pigeons, and Doves, are very difficult to skin over 

2, * Cc 


34 THE NATURALIST’S GUIDE. 


the rump without loosening the feathers; but this difficulty 
will be overcome by using particular care while skinning the 
spot that is tender. Some birds also have tender skin on 
the breast, and in such cases it almost always adheres so 
closely to the flesh that it is necessary to cut it away; 
this operation is somewhat tedious, but it is better than 
to risk tearing the skin by pulling it. An example of this 
is sometimes seen in the Wood Duck. | 

The best time to skin a bird is as soon as it is shot, 
when the muscles are relaxed, as the plumage is then in 
the best condition. In a short time the muscles become 
rigid, when it is extremely difficult to remove the skin; 
but the muscles soon relax again, and then you must skin 
at once, as this is the first stage—or the state imme- 
diately preceding the first stage—of decomposition. In 
very warm weather this ‘rigidness of the muscles sel- 
dom ‘occurs, then the bird rapidly decomposes. In warm 
weather, birds should be kept on ice until wanted; for if 
a bird remains only an hour in a warm room, or in the 
sun, it will sometimes spoil, especially if the blow-fies 
are allowed access to it. There is a species of blow-fly 
that is viviparous; I have seen such a fly alight upon 
a fresh bird, and, after introducing her ovipositor into the 
mouth of the specimen, exude an immense number of liv- 
ing, though minute, maggots. These maggots spread over 
the skin in all directions, moistening it with their slimy 
bodies, and soon render the specimen unfit for use by 
loosening the feathers. 

It is difficult to remove the eggs of the common blow- 
fly when they are once placed upon the feathers. It is 
much better to prevent the flies from attacking specimens 
which, if they are exposed during warm weather, they 
will do very quickly — by covering them, or placi them 
immediately upon ice. 

Section IV. Mounting Specimens. — Almost any one 


THE WAY TO MOUNT BIRDS. 39 





S So O 


Plate VII. 





36 THE NATURALIST’S GUIDE. 


can mount a bird, after receiving proper instruction ; but 
to make it look lifelike and natural requires constant and 
unceasing study of birds in their native haunts. The true 
art, then, can only be acquired by the earnest student 
of nature. The mere taxidermist, who constantly sits at 
his bench and works on birds without studying from na- 
ture, may acquire a certain degree of skzll, but the atti- 
tudes of many of his stuffed birds will appear awkward and 
grotesque to the-naturalist. 

Therefore I say to those who would learn to mount birds 
in natural attitudes, study nature. Have all attitudes that 
every bird assumes engraved upon the brain, to be repro- 
duced in the stuffed specimens; from the one assumed 
by the delicate Warbler, that hops lightly from limb to 
limb, or swings gracefully from the topmost bough of some 
tall oak, to that of the mighty Eagle in his eager, down- 
ward swoop upon his trembling prey. Watch the scream- 
ing Gull in his almost innumerable positions upon the wing, 
the nimble Sandpiper running along the shore, and the 
gracefully floating Duck upon the water. After watching 
these in their various natural attitudes, work ; but do not 
cease to study for improvement, for the work of man is yet 
far from being perfect. 

In mounting birds, skin as instructed in the preceding 
section, but do not tie the wing-bones together. Having 
cleaned and dusted the feathers, proceed to fill the neck to 
the natural size, without stretching, with “shorts,” or the 
bran from wheat flour, or with hemp cut fine. Roll up 
some fine grass moderately hard in the shape of an oblong 
body (Plate VIII. Figs. 1, 2), then wind it smoothly with 
thread. This body should be of the same proportionate 
size as the one taken out, although not exactly of the same 
shape, for reasons that will be seen when the bird is 
mounted, but which cannot be easily explained. Have the 
body perfectly smooth, and the curves regular on every part. 


THE WAY TO MOUNT BIRDS. 37 


Place the body inside the skin. Now cut wires of the 
right size (that is, large enough to support the bird when 
mounted ; which can be learned by experience, although I 
would advise putting in as large wires as can be used with- 
out splitting the skin of the tarsi) and proper length for the 
wiring of the following parts: to go through the legs, for 
the neck, and for the tail. Straighten the wires by rolling 
them on the bench with a file, then sharpen them by hold- 
ing the end obliquely against the edge of the bench and 
filing from you, at the same time twisting the wire ; force 
the wire cut for the leg up through the sole of the foot, 
through the tarsus, along the leg-bone into the centre of 
the side of the grass body (Plate VIII. Fig. 1, a), through 
this so that the end will protrude for an inch; bend the 
end down in the form of an L (Fig. 1, b), and again force 
it into the body (Fig. 1, c), thereby clinching it so that it 
can have no motion whatever. The wire should protrude 
out of the sole at least two inches (Fig. 1, d). 

Proceed in the same manner with the other leg ; if this 


~~ geems difficult at first, practice will soon overcome the 


difficulty. Be sure and clinch the wires jirmly, as they 
will otherwise cause trouble. Force the wire cut for the 
head down through the skull near the base of the bill 
(Fig. 3, g) through the neck, — but it must not come out 
through the skin anywhere, — through the body (Fig. 1, e), 
out the other side, where it is clinched as before (Fig. 1, c). 
Force the wire cut for the tail through the bone left in 
the tail, and under the tail, into the body (Fig. 1, f); 
clinch as usual (Fig. 3, g). Bend the wire — which should 
protrude about two inches beyond the end of the tail — 
into the form of a T (Fig. 1, h); the cross-piece is placed 
about half the length of the tail; on this the tail rests. 
Pin up the incision by drawing the edges of the skin 
together and forcing pins through them into the body ; 
then smooth the feathers over the place. 


38 


THE NATURALIST’S GUIDE. 





Plate WITT. 


_ THE WAY TO MOUNT BIRDS. 39 


Fasten the bird upon the stand by passing the wires of 
the feet through the holes in the cross-piece (Plate VIIL. Fig. 
3, h), then twist the ends of the wire around the ends of the 
cross-piece (Fig. 3, s) to fasten it firmly. Place the bird in 
position with the tarsi inclining backward (Fig. 3, i), so that 
a line dropped from the back of the head, passing through 
the body, would pass down the centre of the stand (Fig. 3, a, a). 
This is a natural rule, and one that applies to all perch- 
ing birds. Next arrange the wings in position by applying 
the same rules that were given when making a skin; in 
this case, however, the following additional rule may be of 
use. The end of the bone of the forearm should reach just 
half the length and width of the body where it meets the 
lower end of the thigh (see Plate X. B). Having arranged 
the wing, pin it near the bend to the body (Plate VIII. 
Fig. 3, b), also through the first primary quill (Fig. 3, c). 
The wings should in some cases be placed at a little dis- 
tance from the body, as is natural with the Thrushes, and 
some other species. This may be done by lengthening the 
second wire (Fig. 3, c).. Put the head in the proper posi- 
tion, cut off the protruding wire (Fig. 3, g). Plait the tail- 
feathers by placing the inner web over the outer (Fig. 3, d); 
then place a piece of fine copper wire across the tail, and 
fasten it to the ends of the cross-piece (Fig. 3, e). Fix 
the artificial eyes in their proper position with glue or 
putty ; then wind the bird with the fine cotton on the 
breast and shoulders and over the secondaries (Fig. 3, k); 
this is to keep the feathers smooth while it is drying. 

To mount a bird with the wings extended, proceed as 
before explained, but raise the wings, and use longer wires 
to pin them in position. Then, to hold the quills and sec- 
ondaries in place, bend a wire over the whole width of the 
wing, passing on each side of ‘them. In skinning and 
mounting Ducks, open under the wing. This is accom- 
plished by making an incision on the side, from the place 


40 THE NATURALIST’S GUIDE. 


where the humerus joins the sternum (Plate X. B) to just 
beyond the lower joint of the thigh (p), after which skin as 
before. 

If any feathers become twisted or bent, they may be 
instantly straightened by holding them in steam. If the 
feathers are to be smoothed, raise them with the fingers or 
tweezers, and let them fall back in place; they will gene- 
rally come down smoothly. If the feathers come out, put a 
drop of glue upon the end of each, and place it in the 
proper position ; it will stay, when dry. In this way large 
bare places may be covered. 

Mounting dried Skins. —To mount. dried skins, remove 
the stuffing with which they are filled, and supply its place 
with dampened cotton, also wrap the legs well with it; 
place the skin in a box, where it must remain until it 
becomes pliable, but not too soft, as it is then liable to drop 
in pieces. It is to be mounted as described, excepting that 
the neck is filled with cut hemp instead of bran. Birds 
mounted from dried skins require more care in mounting, 
and more binding to bring the feathers into proper posi- 
tion, than fresh birds. 

Never paint or varnish the feet or bill of a birds the 
scales on the feet of birds are one of the most inteieanaiee 
characters in the study of ornithology, and they cannot 
readily be seen when covered with paint or varnish. In 
mounting birds larger than.a Robin, the muscles of the leg- 
bone must be supplied by winding the tibia with hemp 
until the original size and shape is attained. Particular 
attention must be paid to the legs of the Waders and rapa-- 
cious birds.. The exceptions to this rule are all swimming 
birds ; as the tibia is buried in the body, it does not need 
mining 

In mounting Humming-Birds with the wings extended, 
especially from dried skins, there is no need of wiring the 

* leg. Place a single wire in the back part of the body, with 


THE WAY TO MOUNT BIRDS. Ay 


the point firmly clinched, and the end protruding back 
from the abdomen for three or four inches. This wire will 
sustain the bird. Always wire the feet in the usual way 
if the bird is to be mounted in the attitude of rest. In 
mounting other small birds, this method of wiring will an- 
swer when the bird is represented as flying. Large birds, 
when mounted in the attitude of flying, should be wired 
in the usual manner, with the wires that extend beyond 
the soles of the feet cut short ; then a wire is forced down 
through the back and clinched under the body, with the 
end pointing upward ; cut off this end so that it will pro- 
trude but a half-inch beyond the skin, then bend it under 
the feathers into the form of a hook or ring; to this fasten 
a thread, and suspend the bird. To make the bird incline 
downward, place the wire well back; upward, farther for- 
ward, or nearer the head. Fine copper wire will answer 
to suspend large birds in this manner. In mounting a 
bird in this position, with the wings fully extended, care 
should be taken that they are properly arched. _ 

While arranging the wings, it is not convenient to keep 
the bird suspended, as it will not be sufficiently firm. 
Sharpen two stout wires and fasten them at both ends 
(Plate VIII. Fig. 4, b, b), perpendicularly in a block of 
wood (a), parallel to each other, and about two inches 
apart. These wires should be at least four inches long. 
Bend about an inch and a half of the ends down, parallel 
with the block (c). Force these ends into the abdomen of 
the bird that is being mounted, and it will be firmly held 
in place while the different parts are being arranged, after 
which it can be suspended as described. 

Sometimes it is necessary to mount the skins of rare 
birds when they are badly decayed. To mount skins in 
this condition requires skill and patience, as well as a knowl- 
edge of their different parts. The manner in which I have 
mounted them is this: First, moisten the skin as de- 


42 THE NATURALIST’S GUIDE. - 


scribed, then make a body, as before, and place a wire of 
the proper size and length in the usual place for the neck, 
and wind it with hemp to the natural size ; place the head, 
wings, feet, and tail.in the proper position; then, after 
spreading glue upon the body, place each feather or piece 
of skin carefully in its proper place, commencing at the 
tail and working towards the head ; when this is finished, 
bind the bird as usual. . 

Birds that have been mounted require at least ten days 
for the skin to dry before the thread is removed, which is 
done by cutting down the back with scissors, after which 
cut off all protruding wires, and unplait the tail-feathers 
and smooth them. To. elevate the crest of a bird, or any 
other naturally elevated feathers, — such as the elongated 
feathers on the necks of some species of Grouse, etc.,—roll a « 
piece of cotton into a ball, and force a pin or piece of sharp- 
ened wire through it (Plate VIII. Fig. 5, g). Place this wire 
or pin in the bird in such a manner that the feathers to 
be elevated may rest on the cotton in a natural position 
(Fig. 5, b). After the skin becomes hardened the cotton 
may be removed, and the feathers will retain the desired 
position. 


CHAPTER II. 
COLLECTING AND PRESERVING MAMMALS. 


Section I. Collecting.— Because mammals are not quite 
as interesting at first sight as birds, the study of this 
class of animals has been somewhat neglected; and but 
comparatively few naturalists are even aware of the ex- 
istence of some of the smaller mammalia that live about 
them. They are, however, worthy of special attention, and, 
if studied, will soon be found particularly interesting. 

In collecting mammals, excepting some of the larger 
species, the gun is of but little use; they must be taken 
almost entirely with traps. Shrews and Moles may be. 
frequently found where they have been dropped by cats, 
who catch them, but do not eat them. In this way a 
great many valuable specimens may be obtained. 

Another way to procure Mice and Shrews is to turn over 
old logs and stumps, under which these little animals fre- 
quently hide, and while dazzled by the light’s coming in 
suddenly upon them, they may be readily seized in the 
hand. Mice may also be trapped. | 

Squirrels may be shot or caught in traps; Foxes, trapped, 
shot, or dug out of their holes. Woodchucks are easily 
trapped or,dug out. Skunks are very disagreeable animals 
to handle, but when one once becomes accustomed to 
capturing them he can do it in perfect safety. The best 
way is to catch them in a “box-trap” baited with the 
head of a chicken; when caught, immerse trap and skunk 
in water until the animal is dead. Treated in this man-_ 
ner, they will not emit any of their disagreeable scent. 
By breaking the backbone with a stout stick, when the 


44 THE NATURALIST’S GUIDE. 


animal is caught’ in a steel trap, the disagreeable emission 
will be prevented. All animals should be killed either ~ 
by breaking the backbone or by compressing the ribs, to” 
stop the breath ; never by a blow on the head, as this is 
liable to injure the skull, which must ‘be preserved entire 
for scientific investigation. 

The following animals may be Aes into traps by 
means of peculiar scents: Foxes, Fishers, Martens, Minks, — 
Weasels, Wildcats of all species, Otters, Beavers, Bears, 
Muskrats, and Raccoons. These scents are made of differ- 
ent substances. The musk of the Muskrat, contained in 
two glands situated just below the skin upon the back 
part of the abdomen, will decoy Muskrats and Minks, and 
perhaps Wildcats. This musk may be procured from the 
male in early spring. After the two glands spoken of 
are removed, they may be cut open, when the musk — 
which is a milky fluid — will appear, and may be squeezed 
out, mixed with alcohol, and kept for use. This musk is 
used in the following manner: Cut a stick of pine about 
six inches long, make a small cavity in one end ; into this 
drop a little of the musk, fasten the stick in such a position 
that the animal to be decoyed must Bete his foot upon 
the trap in order to reach it. 

Foxes, I have been informed by old trappers, are read- 
ily decoyed by using the fetid scent of the Skunk in the 
same manner. This scent is a greenish. fluid, and is con- 
tained in glands situated in the anal region; it may be 
obtained in the same manner as the musk, although the 
operation is not pleasant. All of the above-named ani- 
mals may be successfully decoyed by using an excessively 
fetid scent prepared during warm weather in the follow- 
ing manner: Take a good-sized eel or trout, and cut it 
in small pieces; place it in a quart bottle, cover the top 
with gauze to keep the flies out, hang the bottle on the 
south side of a fence or building, and let it remain two 


COLLECTING AND PRESERVING MAMMALS. * 45 


or three weeks, when the whole mass wilt become decom- 
posed ; then on the top. will be found a thin layer of a 
clear liquid having an ineffably disagreeable odor. This 
. fluid should be poured off carefully into,a small phial and’ 
i . closely corked ; it is to be used in the same manner as the 
A other scents. 
See Bats may be shot, or taken during daylight beneath the 
shingles of buildings, or in hollow trees. One or two spe-— 
' cies, however, remain outside, suspended to a branch or 
leaf of a tree. 
Plaster may be used to absorb the flow of blood from 
mammals, as well as from birds. . 


“Section II. Measuring. — To measure a mammal pre- 


paratory to skinning: Place it upon its back, then with the 
dividers measure the distance from the tip of the nose to 
the front side of the eye, record this as “the distance from 
the tip of the nose to the eye,” then from the tip of the nose 
to the ear; this is “the distance from the nose to the ear”; 
then from the tip of the nose to the occiput, or back of the 
. _ head, for “the distance from the nose to the occiput.” With 
A _ “the rule find the distance from “the nose to the root of the 
tail,” also the distance from “the tip of the nose to the tip 

of the longest toe of the outstretched hind leg”; then 

with the dividers find the length of the vertebra of the tail 

from the root ; this is “the length of the tail to the end of 

the vertebra.” With the dividers, measure the hair on the 

end of the tail for “the length of the hair.” Measure the 

length of the hind leg from the knee-joint to the tip of the 

longest claw of the longest toe for ‘the length of the hind 

leg.” Measure the length of the front leg from the elbow- 

joint. to the tip of the longest claw of the longest toe ; this is 

“the length of the front leg.” The width of the hand is 

, found by egegh tc the width of the outspread forefoot or 


ae — 


This receipt was kindly piven tome by Mr. George Smith of Wal- 
\_ tham, who has used it successfully, as I have personally witnessed. 


c 
J 


46 THE NATURALIST’S GUIDE. 


hand. Now méasure the length of the ear on the back 
side, from the skull to the tip, for “the length of the ear.” 
Measure ‘‘the width of the muzzle” between the two nostrils. 
In animals larger than a gray squirrel, measure the “girth” 
with a tape-measure, or piece of string, just back of the 
forelegs. 

These measurements will answer for all excepting the 
bats, in measuring which proceed as before ; but, instead 
of the forelegs, find “the length of one wing,” “the length 
of the wing to the hook, or thumb,” and “the stretch of 
wings ” as in birds. 

Seals also vary slightly; instead of the word “leg” 
use “ flipper,” and find the width of the hind flipper as 
well as the width of the fore one; also, in addition, “the 
distance between the fore-flippers.” The sex ‘of a mammal 
is easily determined without dissecting. These measure- 
ments are to be first recorded upon a strip of paper, as 
in the birds, and afterwards copied into a book, as seen 
on the next page. 

Skinning. — To skin a mammal, place it upon its back ; 
make a longitudinal incision in the skin over the abdo- 
men, extending from the root of the tail about one fourth 
of the length of the body. Peel down each side, asin 
skinning a bird; pushing forward the leg so as to expose 
the knee-joint; sever the leg from the body at this place, 
and clean the bone; proceed in this manner with the other 
leg. In small animals, sever the tail as close to the body 
as possible, leaving the bone in; but in large animals it 
can generally be removed by placing two pieces of wood on 
each side of the bone against the skin, holding them firmly 
in place with one hand, and after giving a strong pull with 
the other the tail will slip out easily. With some animals, 
such as the Beaver, Muskrat, Skunk, etc., this cannot be 
done ; then the skin of the tail has to be opened the whole 
length, and the bone removed. Proceed to draw the skin 


47 


COLLECTING AND PRESERVING MAMMALS. 


Locality. | Age. |Sex. 


Ipswich |Adult | 


6 73 2 


«ce ce g 


* This measurement is taken after the animal is 


gest part. 


Date. 


oe 





Arctomys monax. 


Nose to Tail to Hand. 
Ey 
el 
E 
No. es s 
. ren] Q . 
o | 2] 4 
Bs] fe esi 1-8 
3 4 > ve >) : 
=] ° = oe Se eI] q 
. a 2 a = © os dp 
o 8 as) ° + co} Ko} g q 
ba Cs fs) o} Ss q q . ro) 
a) a=) =) <3 <3) jen a] 


58 | 1.50 | 2.95 | 2.30 | 18.00 | 15.00 | 4.98 | 6.00 | 3.10 | 2.10 
55 | 1.57 |2.80 | 3.45 | 15.50 | 20.15 | 4.50 | 6.75 | 2.80 | 1.85 


43 | 1.82 | 2.94 | 3.45 | 15.25 | 19.50 , 5.45 | 7.60 | 2.95 | 2.05 


Height of Har. 


92 | .75 


Skull.* 





Remarks. 


Light colored. 


ce é¢ 


Top of head black. 


skinned’ the width of skull is measured on the widest part, the length on the lon- . 


48 . ‘THE NATURALISTS GUIDE. 


down towards the head, until the forelegs appear; sever 
these at the knee-joint, and clean the bone as before. Draw 
the skin over the head, cutting off the ears close to the 
skull. Use caution in cutting the skin from the eyelids 
and in severing the lips from the skull, so as not to in- 
jure their outward appearance. The skull is to be detached 
entirely. Cover the inside of the skin well with arsenic, 
and, if large, rub it in well with the hand; but be sure 
that every part is poisoned. ; 

If there is any blood upon the hair, after the skin is 
turned into its former position, if it is dry, remove it with 
the stiff brush; if wet or very bloody, wash and dry with 

as explained in birds. 

Wind the leg-bones with sufficient hemp or cotton to 

supply the place of the muscles; then fill out the head, 


if ae neck, and the rest of the body to their natural size. Sew 
(tf VAs hugh, ¢ ‘ i 


up the orifice through which the body was removed neatly 
over and over, drawing the edges of the skin together 
nicely. 

Label the skin by sewing a bit of card-board upon one 
of the feet, or, if the animal is large, upon the ear, with 
the number of the specimen and the sex marked'upon it. 
Clean the skull as much as possible with the scalpel ; if 
it is a large animal, the brains may be removed through 
the orifice where the spinal cord enters the skull. If this 
opening is not large enough to remove them, they should 
be left in. Roll the skull in arsenic, then. label it with a 
number corresponding to the one upon the skin, and lay 
it by for future cleaning. The arsenic prevents insects 
from attacking it. 

Place the skin, if a small one, upon its side, with the 
legs bent neatly ; if a large one, upon its breast, with the 
legs stretched out on each side, the forelegs pointing for- 
ward, the hind ones backward. This is what is technically 
called a “ mammal’s skin.” 


COLLECTING AND PRESERVING MAMMALS. 49 


Very large animals, such as Deer or Bears, should not 
be filled out in this way, but placed flat. In skinning large 
animals, make an incision in the form of a double cross, 
by making a longitudinal cut between the hind legs, from 
_ the root of the tail to the breast, between the. forelegs ; 
‘then a transverse cut from the knee of the foreleg down 
the inside of the leg to the opposite knee. The same 
operation is repeated upon the hind legs. Then proceed 
as before, only, when the skin has been removed from the 
flanks, the animal must be suspended to facilitate the re- 
moval of the rest. 

In skinning a mammal with horns, make a longitudinal 
incision from the back’of the neck to the occiput, or back 
of the head ; then make a transverse cut across the head, 
commencing; about four inches beyond the right horn, and 
ending about four inches to the left of the left horn, the 
cut passing close to the base of the horns, thus forming a 
T. Remove the skin from the body as far as the neck, 
which is cut at its junction with the body. The skull, horns, 
and neck are drawn through the above-mentioned orifice. 

In skinning large animals, it is well to take the diameter 
of the eye before it is removed, so that an artificial one 
may be inserted of the same size, if the animal is to be 
mounted, as the eyelids shrink very much while drying. 
All mammals should be skinned as soon as possible after 
they are killed, especially small ones, as in a few hours 
decomposition will commence ; then the hair will come out. 

While skinning the legs of ruminants, such as Deer, 
Sheep, etc., it will be found that the skin cannot be drawn 
over the knee-joint ; then cut longitudinally through the 
skin below the knee, and after severing the bone at the 
hoof and knee, remove it through this incision, The in- 
cision should be about one fourth the length of the dis- 
tance from the knee to the hoof. 


Bats are to be skinned in the ordinary manner, removy- 
3 D 


50 THE NATURALIST’S GUIDE. 


ing the skin even to the tip of the phalanges of the Wings ; 
then tie the wing-bones together, as explained in birds. 
Place the bat upon a flat board to dry, and pin its wings 
in the proper position for flight. When dry, stitch it upon 
a piece of card-board. : 
While skinning mammals, it is sometimes necessary to 
use plaster to absorb the blood and other juices that are 
apt to flow; but if care is taken not to cut the inner skin 
over the abdomen it will not be needed. It is also some- 
times necessary to plug the mouth and nostrils, especially 
if blood flows from them. ; 
Section III. Mounting Mammals. — The art of mount- 
ing mammals in lifelike attitudes can only be acquired by 
experience. Hence the learner must practise the utmost 
degree of patience and perseverance. As in the first 
chapter I earnestly advised those who would be perfect to 
study nature, I would here repeat that advice. And if 
necessary while endeavoring to mount a bird, where the 
feathers cover the minor defects, it is essentially much 
more of a necessity to study nature carefully while striv- 
ing to imitate the graceful attitudes and delicately formed 
limbs of the smaller species of mammalia, or the full 
rounded muscles and imposing attitudes of the larger 
ones; for in mammals the thin coat of hair will tend rather 
to expose than hide the most minute imperfections. 
Perfectly stuffed specimens can only be obtained by care- 
ful measurements of all the parts, such as the size of the 
legs, body, etc. | 
In skinning mammals to mount, it is best not to remove 
the skull. Open it on the occipital bone, so as to remove 
the brains ; clean well; cover with arsenic; then supply 
the muscles removed, by using hemp wound tightly on 
with thread. As the skin will shrink badly if it is stuffed 
loosely, carefully fill out the space occupied by the mus- 
cles of the legs in the same manner. Cut wires for the 


THE WAY TO MOUNT MAMMALS. 51 


feet, head, and tail, sharpen them on one end as directed 
in mounting birds; now roll up grass until it is not quite 
as large round as the body, and about one third as long. 
Fill the fore part of the skin with bran or cut hemp as far 
back as the shoulders, and place the ball of grass against 
this filling, inside the skin. Now force the wires through 
the soles of the feet and top of the head into this ball ; 
clinch them firmly. After filling the skin of the tail with 
bran, force the wire through the grass ball to the very end ; 
then clinch the opposite end in the ball by cutting off the 
_ part that protrudes and turning it in. 

Fill the remaining parts of the skin with bran to the 
natural size, and sew up the orifice carefully ; place the 
animal in the proper position by passing the protruding 
wires of the feet through holes in a board, clinching them 
firmly on the under side. The skin may now be moulded 
into shape with the hands, the hair carefully smoothed, 
the eyes set in the head with putty, the protruding wires 
cut off, and the specimen set away to dry. There are 
but few rules to be followed in placing animals in posi- 
tion, because they are almost infinite in variety. The most 
imperative rule applies to the positions of the legs, which 
are almost always the same; and it should be studied with 
particular care, as a slight deviation from it will impair 
the lifelike attitude of the specimen. The rule is: Never 
place the bones of the first joint (Plate IX. No. 1) and 
those of the second joint (2) of the hind legs in a strazght 
line, but always at an angle, more or less ; while the two 
bones of the forelegs (3, 4) should almost always be placed 
in a straight line, i when the animal is standing 
upon them. 

In imitating that a AGeiasly graceful’ attitude assumed 
by the squirrels while sitting upon their hind legs feeding, 
after imitating the curve of the back, — which not one in 
a hundred can do naturally, — place the joints of the hind 


52 THE NATURALIST’S GUIDE. 


legs so far up, and at.such an acute angle, and the joints 
of the forelegs down at such an angle, that the two will 
almost touch. This rule should always be followed. 

The preceding method may be applied when mounting 
all animals below the size of a Newfoundland dog. Larger 
animals are mounted in the following manner: Fill out 
the space occupied by the muscles of the head and legs 
in the manner already described. Procure five iron rods, 
with a shoulder cut at each end, upon which fit a cap 
(Plate IX. Fig. 2, B); on the extreme end have a thread 
cut with a nut to fit (A), — the distance between the nut | 
and cap should be about an inch and a half. Cut a piece 
of plank, an inch and a half thick, about two thirds as 
long and wide as the body of the mammal to be mounted ; 
bore five holes in it, as indicated in Fig. 1, A. Fasten 
one rod (8) firmly to the skull by drilling a hole through 
the top and placing the cap in the proper position. Screw 
the nut on well (14), and place the lower end of the rod in 
the hole in the plank prepared for it (11); fasten it firmly. 
Now stuff the neck out with hemp to the proper size. Drill 
a hole through the hoofs, or bottom of the feet, into the 
hollow of the bones (2, 4); force the rod (7, 7, 7, 7) up 
through this hole, through the stuffing of the legs, and 
fasten them into the plank (5, 6). Force a wire into the 
tail and clinch it firmly in the wood (15). By winding up 
grass or hemp, imitate the various sections of the body 
taken out, and place them in the proper positions (16), 
making allowance for the plank and rods. Qr a better 
way is to take casts in plaster of the different parts and 
place them in the proper position. | 

Everything must be solid, to avoid iukitos and depres- 
sions in the skin. In this way the student can mount 
an animal of any size by increasing the size of the rods and 
plank. The ends of the rods must be fastened into a 
plank stand (10) by passing them through holes drilled 
ath (1G weet io: | 


THE WAY TO MOUNT MAMMALS. 





Plate IX. 


53 


54 THE NATURALIST’S GUIDE® 


To mount a dried skin, first soak it in alum-water until 
it is perfectly pliable, and then mount as before. ‘The 
water should not be too strongly impregnated with alum, 
or it will crystallize upon the hair. About a quarter of a 
pound of alum to a gallon of water are the proper propor- 
tions. Ifthe skull has been detached, replace it, or make 
an artificial one of grass or plaster to take its place. Mam- 
mals that have been preserved in alcohol may be skinned 
in the usual manner and mounted. 

To skin mammals for the fur alone, cut in a straight line 
from the inside of the knee of one hind leg to the other. 
Skin as before explained, only cut off the feet and detach 
the skull. Stretch smoothly on a thin board, with the 
wrong side out. The skin should be lengthened rather than 
widened. 


CHAR TE Rol TT. 
COLLECTING AND PRESERVING INSECTS FOR THE CABINET. 


THis interesting class of animals has for a long time 
engaged the attention of students, yet it is surprising how 
comparatively little has been written about those of Amer- 
ica. The almost infinite number of species still affords 
the young naturalist a wide field for careful investigation. 

In collecting insects, the instruments used are : An insect- 
net, made of fine muslin or of silk gauze, and stretched 
upon a light steel wire frame, with a light handle, about 
four fe + long, attached ; several wide-mouthed bottles and 
phia's filled with strong alcohol; insect-pins of the best 

qi lity, which can be procured at natural-history stores ; 
4~-eezers smaller than those used for birds (Plate I. Fig. 3); 
also, a small pair of pliers (Fig. 1) ; several soft-pine boards 
about twelve by twenty-four inches, planed perfectly smooth, 
will also be needed. 

Boxes or drawers are necessary for the reception of the 
dried specimens, lined with thick felting or cork to receive 
the point of the pin that holds the insect and keeps it 
upright. An excellent box lined with paper is sometimes 
used to advantage, a description of which may be found in 
the “American Naturalist,” Vol. I. p. 156. 

I hardly need state that a good microscope is indispensa- 
ble in prosecuting the study of insects, although it may be 
commenced without one. I shall take each order of insects 
separately, and endeavor to explain how they are collected 

commencing with the 
The best way to preserve bee- 
tles temporarily is by putting them instantly into strong 








56 THE NATURALISI’S GUIDE. 


alcohol; and as the collector will meet with specimens 
everywhere, he should never be without a phial ready for 
instant use. During spring and early summer thousands 
of minute species may be captured in the air with the 
net, especially just at night. During summer and autumn 
‘a great many nocturnal species may be captured near a 
light placed at an open window, or in the open air. Vari- 
ous species may be found feeding upon plants during the 
summer and autumn. A great many of the so-called car- 
rion-beetles may be taken, during the same seasons, by ex- 
posing the carcass of an animal. Some species inhabit 
decayed wood, where diligent search should be made for 
them, especially in the woods, under old stumps or in them. 
Numbers of very beautiful beetles may be found in the 
excrements of animals, and under them, also under stones 
and logs of wood ; they are found beneath the bark of trees 
and on sandy places, or in dusty roads. There are also a 
few aquatic species to be found in the water or near it. . 

To mount large beetles, force the pin through the right 
wing-covert near the thorax, and place the point. in the 
cork, with the beetle’s feet resting on it; place the feet ~ 
in the attitude of life, with the antennz in the proper 
position, with a pin on each side of them to keep ‘them 
in place until dry. If the wings are to be extended, 
place the beetle on the pin as described; then, with an 
awl, bore a hole in the pine board ; lay the insect upon 
its back, with the head of the pin in the hole ; now open 
the wing-coverts, and spread the wings; over the latter 
lay a piece of card-board, and fasten it by placing pins 
through it into the wood on each side. The wing-cov- 
erts should not be fastened with a card, as it will flatten 
them. When dry, remove the card, and the wings will 
retain their position, when the Yj ? 
proper position in the insett-box. 

Smaller beetles, less than an eighth of an inch long, 





BUGS, OR HEMIPTERA. 57 


should be fastened to a piece of mica or to a round bit of 
card-board with a little gum-arabic, and the pin placed 
through the mica or card, or they may be transfixed with 
very fine silver wire; this wire must then be inserted in 
a bit of cork, through which the common insect-pin is 
placed. 

Beetles that are collected in remote countries should 
always be transported in alcohol. When they are to re- 
main long in alcohol it should be changed once, then 
they will keep for years uninjured. After they have been 
in alcohol for two or three weeks there is no need of its 
covering them, as a little in the bottom of the bottle will 
keep them sufficiently moist; but they should never be 
allowed to dry. 

Beetles may be preserved in a weak solution of carbolic 
acid as readily as in alcohol. This has the additional ad- 
vantage of preserving the specimens that have been im- 
mersed in it from the ravages of noxious insects for some 
time. Glycerine can be used to advantage in preserving 
beetles that have delicate colors which fade in alcohol; 
but they cannot be pinned without cleansing. 

Bugs, or Hemiptera, may be found generally upon plants. 
The common thistle (Cirsewm lanceolatum) furnishes a pas- 
ture for several species. Numerous representatives of this 
order may be found on low bushes, and in the grass during 
summer and autumn. At least one species may be found 
in cheap boarding-houses during the midnight hours. The 
almost endless variety of Plant Lice come under this head, 
and may be taken everywhere on plants during summer 
and autumn. 

These insects, like the beetle, are first immersed in 
alcohol, and afterwards placed upon pins, with the legs 
arranged in natural positions, and the peculiar sucking- 
tube, with which they are all provided, brought well for- 
ward so as to be more easily examined. The numerous 

3% 


58 THE NATURALIST’S GUIDE. 


aquatic species may be secured with a net ; they should 
be carefully handled, however, to avoid the sharp sting, or 
piercer, with which some of them are armed. 

Grasshoppers, Crickets, ete., or Orthoptera. — Members of 
this order may be found everywhere, — the grasshoppers in 
the open fields and woods, where they may be caught in 
nets. The best way to kill them is to prick them on the 
under side of the thorax with the point of a quill that 
has been dipped in a solution of oxalic, acid. If they 
are not to be mounted instantly, wrap them in paper. 
Crickets may be found in the ground in holes or burrows, 
under stones, and in the grass; a few species may be taken 
on the leaves of trees or bushes; some species of the well- 
known Cockroach may be found in houses, and some under 
stones and beneath the bark of trees. 

All of the above may be mounted by placing the pin 
through the thorax, and arranging the legs as before de- 
scribed. The wings are also extended in the same man- 
ner as the beetles’, with the exception of the wing-coverts, 
which are fastened with cards like the wings. 

Walking-Sticks are found on low bushes or on trees, some- 
times upon the ground. They are to be put into alcohol 
to kill them, then mounted like the beetles. These in- 
sects, when dry, require delicate manipulation while being 
moved, as they are very fragile. When the colors of the 
Orthoptera are to be preserved perfectly, place them in 
pure glycerine. This is especially necessary in preserving 
the larvee of grasshoppers. Grasshoppers may be put into 
alcohol if convenient, but it must be very strong. This 
method will generally change the colors completely. Cock- 
roaches and crickets should always be killed by placing 
them in strong alcohol. 

Moths and Butterflies, or Lepidoptera. — All butterflies 
are diurnal, and are generally caught with the net. They 
may be killed by pinching the body just below the wings, 


> iy 


MOTHS AND BUTTERFLIES, OR LEPIDOPTERA. 59 


or by pricking between the forelegs with the quill and 
oxalic acid used in killing grasshoppers. If they are 
not to be mounted instantly, they should be packed in 
pieces of paper doubled in a triangular shape, with the 
edges folded. Butterflies may be reared from the egg by 
capturing the impregnated female and confining her in a 
box pierced with holes to allow fresh air to enter. In 
this box she will deposit her eggs; these are allowed to 
hatch, and the larvee fed upon the leaves that they natu- 
rally subsist upon. When sufficient time has expired they 
will cease to feed, and form a pupa or chrysalis, and either 
in a few weeks or the ensuing year come forth perfect 
insects, when they should be instantly killed. In this man- 
ner the collector will be able to secure fine specimens. 

Although some few of the moths are diurnal in their 
habits, the greater part are strictly nocturnal. A great 
many specimens may be decoyed by the use of a bright 
light. During the months of May, June, July, August, 
and September, the following method may be practised 
with advantage in securing many specimens. Mix coarse 
brown sugar with alcohol enough to form a thick paste, 
saturate rags thoroughly with this paste, and hang them 
on trees or stakes in an open grove or wood at twilight ; 
or daub some of the mixture upon the stakes or trees. 
This mixture, thus exposed, will attract the moths. The 
places should be visited every few minutes with a dark 
lantern, taking care not to. throw the light upon the spot 
until near enough to catch the moths in the net if they 
should attempt to escape. 

Mr. F. G. Sanborn — who informs me that he uses the 
strong-smelling New England molasses in the above-de- 
scribed manner with success — rightly remarks “that moths 
may be divided into three classes by certain species of 
them being affected ‘differently by the appearance of arti- 
ficial light in the night. One class are powerfully attracted 


60 THE NATURALIST’S GUIDE. 


by it; another class: go about their usual avocations un- 
mindful of it; while a third class are instantly expelled 
by it.” The third class are by far the most difficult to 
capture. 

Moths are easily reared from the eggs. In autumn and 
winter numerous cocoons may be found upon trees and 
bushes ; these, if kept in a warm room, will hatch in early 
spring. 

In mounting butterflies and moths I have practised the 
same method as described in mounting beetles, and think 


‘it superior to all others. In mounting these insects, how- 


ever, it is well to use what is called a “setting-needle,” to 
avoid rubbing the scales off the wings with the fingers. 

The “setting-needle” is simply a common needle fas- 
tened into a light stick; two of these will be found use- 
ful, — one to hold the body of the insect firm, and the other 
to place the wings and antenne in the proper position. 
The eggs and larve of the Lepedoptera should be placed 
in alcohol. 

There is a class of moths called Hawk-Moths, Sphinxes, 
or Humming-Bees, some species of which are diurnal, and 
some nocturnal. They are all difficult to capture un- 
injured, as they fly rapidly, and, when caught in the net, 
struggle fiercely. : 

The larvee, when about to form the pupa, go into the 
ground ; for this reason the box that contains those that 
are being reared should be partly filled with moist earth. 
They are mounted in the same manner as the other 
Lepidoptera. All bright-colored insects when in the cabi- 
net should be kept from the light as much as possible, 
especially those belonging to the above order. 

Dragonflies, etc., or Neuroptera.— Dragon-flies are, on 
account of their quick motions, somewhat difficult to cap- 
ture; they are found flying over the fields and mead- 
ows ; most abundant, however, in the immediate vicinity of 


BEES, WASPS, ETC., OR HYMENOPTERA. _—6 1. 


bodies of fresh water. The lace-winged flies are also found 
in the vicinity of water. The larve of almost all of these 
insects are aquatic. They emerge from the water perfect 
insects. The larve should be preserved in alcohol. The 
perfect insects are killed with oxalic acid, and for trans- 
portation are packed in paper like the butterflies. When 
they are to be mounted, a copper wire is placed through 
the body and head; the wings are then spread, as before 
described. 

Bees, Wasps, etc., or Hymenoptera. — Members of this 
order may be found everywhere in the fields and woods. * 
Their larvee generally resemble grubs, or maggots, and 
should be preserved in alcohol or glycerine. 

The larvee of the Ichneumon-Fly are found in the bodies 
of caterpillars. The larve of other species are found in 
the excrescences on various plants and trees. This class 
of insects may be caught in a net and placed in alcohol, or 
killed. with oxalic acid. They are to be mounted as the 
other winged insects ; the tongue must be brought forward 
so that it can be examined when the insect is dry. 

The nests of the Wood-boring Bees, the Paper-making 
Wasps, and Hornets, the mud nests of the Mason Wasps, 
the excrescences on trees and plants, should all be col- 
lected and preserved dry after the larve has been taken 
out. Ants with their eggs and larve may be put into 
alcohol ; it is best to capture these fierce little insects with 
the tweezers, to avoid their stings, which are sometimes 
poisonous. 

Flies, Mosquitoes, etc., or Diptera. — These are the most 
difficult of all insects to preserve, especially when they 
have to be transported from a distance, as they must all 
be instantly pinned, with the exception of the Fleas, which 
may be put into alcohol. 

They may be caught everywhere by beating bushes by 
the side of the roads and woods, then using the net. 


@VUMUE TE Ona i care VAT 


62 THE NATURALIST’S GUIDE. 


Some of the species are nocturnal (as those who have slept 
in the open air in the woods during the warm months can 
bear painful testimony), and may be attracted by artificial 
light, as in the case of the moths, etc. Their larve are 
found in various situations, some being aquatic, others 
feeding upon putrid flesh and fish ; they may be presen 
in alcohol. 

In closing this chapter, I would impress upon the stu- 
dent the absolute necessity of labelling every specimen 
carefully, with the date and the locality in which’ it is 
found; this may be done by numbers referring to a 
catalogue, as in birds and mammals, or upon a slip of 
paper. Also take notes. of various circumstances relative 
to the habits observed at the time of capture, ete. 

The best substance to protect cabinet specimens from 
the attacks of injurious insects is benzine, placed in an 
open vessel in each drawer or box. Camphor is also 
good, but I think that its fumes tend to fade the brighter 
colors of moths and butterflies. Spirits of turpentine is 
good, but it evaporates much quicker than benzine. Car- 
bolic acid is, next to benzine, perhaps the best substance, 
if exposed in the same manner. 

To mount insects that have been dried, place them in a 
box containing wet sand, and let them remain until soft, 
when they are mounted as before directed. I am informed 
by Mr. F. G. Sanborn that a few drops of carbolic acid 
mixed with the water used in moistening the sand will 
prevent mould from forming upon them while they are 
being softened. The same preventive might be put in 
the water used in moistening the cotton for softening bird- 
skins. 


CHAPTER IV. 
COLLECTING AND PRESERVING FISHES AND REPTILES. 


Suction I. Fishes. — Very many are they who at the 
present day follow in the footsteps of the ‘Father of all 
Anglers,” the good Izaak Walton, concerning the mere 
sport of angling; but, alas! there are few who, like him, 
look with contemplative minds upon the great works of 
Nature ; for the worthy Izaak was quite a naturalist, after 
his fashion, and loved exceedingly to prate, in his quaint 
style, of the wondrous birds, beasts, and fishes of which 
he had seen or heard. Few, indeed, are they who, al- 
though some of their happiest moments are spent by the 
side of the clear mountain brook, with rod in hand, see in 
the beautiful trout, that they with exultation draw from 
its sparkling home, anything more than a good dinner on 
the morrow. 

Yet there are a few earnest naturalists who love to 
study the finny tribes as they ought to -be. studied. 
Indeed, the science of Ichthyology can claim among its 
most earnest students the greatest naturalist in our land. 
Those who live inland do not possess the advantages of ~ 
making as extensive a collection of fishes as those who 
reside upon .the sea-shore; nevertheless, they can all do 
something for this branch of natural history. 

In collecting fishes the instruments generally used are 
nets and hooks and lines; with these try and secure every 
variety that can be found. Many species can be secured 
from the markets, where fishes are exposed for sale, by 
picking out the specimens that are needed. The best 
way to preserve fishes is to put them into alcohol. All 


64. THE NATURALIST’S GUIDE. 


large fishes should also be injected with alcohol before put- 
ing them in it. 

There is, however, another method by which fishes may be 
preserved ; that is, by skinning and stuffing. Thus: Open 
the fish on the under side from the throat nearly to the end 
of the body, or within a short distance of the root of the tail ; 
then skin down each way, taking care not to Scrape off any 
of the pigment that covers the inside of the skin and gives 
the fish its color; cut off the fins close to the skin on the 
inside, also the head at the gills ; clean out the brains by 
enlarging the hole in the occiput, where the spinal cord 
enters the skull; remove the eye from the outside, dust 
arsenic into the orifice left, and fill it with cotton 3 cover 
the inside of the skin with arsenic ; fill it to the natural 
size with cotton, and sew it up; place a wire transversel 
through the fins to keep them in position. 

Another method is to remove the skin from one side, 
and to clean the flesh out in this way ; the fish igs then 
stuffed and placed upon its side, so that the opening will 
not show. This method will answer very well for flat 
fishes, but large ones must always be stuffed in the man- 
ner first described. . 

SEcTIoN IT. eptles. — Many a harmless snake or toad 
has been sacrificed to ignorance and Superstition. Indeed, 
So strong is the general prejudice against the most com- 
mon snakes, — which are as incapable of inflicting an injury 
as a mouse, — that but few persons will hesitate to kill the 
supposed venomous reptile at sight, if indeed they have 
the courage to remain long enough in its vicinity to do so 
valiant a deed. Such persons really believe that they are 
removing a dangerous adversary of man from the face of 
the earth. I would, however, advise them to glance for a 
Single instant at the history of these interesting — al- 
though, I will allow, somewhat disgusting-looking — ani- 
mals before they again shed innocent blood. All the snakes 


REPTILES. Bin ats 


in Massachusetts may be handled with impunity, with the 
exception of two species, which are very rare. I refer 
to the Copperhead and Rattlesnake. The prettily marked 
Milk Snake, or Checkered Adder, and the imaginary ter- 
rible Water Snake, are quite harmless, although we are 
everywhere informed by those who are ignorant upon this 
subject that they are exceedingly venomous. So long as 
people are erroneously educated in this belief, so long will 
the poor snakes suffer unjustly. Snakes, with but few 
exceptions, are neutral regarding the interest of man. 

The best method of preserving snakes is to put them 
into alcohol moderately strong, as otherwise the scales start 
easily. Snakes may be benumbed by thrusting a pin into 
their brains; in this way they may be carried from place to 
place more readily than if they were uninjured. 

Snakes may be skinned after making a longitudinal in- 
cision, about two inches long, in the largest part of the 
body, on the belly ; then.by drawing back the skin, the 
body may be divided, and the parts drawn out each way. 
The -head should not be skinned. The eyes are removed, 
‘as in the fishes, from the outside. The skin is now cov- 
ered with arsenic and turned back. It is then filled with 
bran to the natural size. It may, after sewing up the 
incision, be placed in any position desired. Artificial eyes 
are fixed in the head. 

If the head is to be raised, run a sharpened wire 
through the top of it, and through that section of the 
neck and body that is to be elevated, through the skin into 
a board, cut off the protruding end, and close the skin of 
the head over it. After the skin becomes dry, the wire 
_ can be taken out of the board, and cut off close to the body. 

Turtles may be preserved in alcohol, or they may be 
skinned and mounted thus: With a small steel saw cut 
out a square section on the under shell; remove this and 
draw the intestines, bones, and flesh of the legs, etc., out 

E 


66 THE NATURALIST’S GUIDE. 


of the hole thus formed; skin the legs down to the toe- 
nails, removing A a Nae ; skin the head and neck ; cover 
the inside of the shell and skin with arsenic. Turn the 
feet and neck back, and stuff them to the natural size 
with cotton. - Fill the neck with bran ; roll up a small ball 
of grass, place it inside of the shell; then force a piece 
of wire through it into the head, and clinch the end in 
the ball. Pack cotton or hemp around the grass in the shell, 
to keep it firm, and to fill up the empty space; then re- 
place the piece of shell taken out, and fasten it with glue 
or putty. 

Now put the animal in the proper attitude upon a piece 
of board, and arrange the feet in the natural position, and 
pin them until dry ; place the head naturally. The eyes 
should be removed from the outside, and artificial ones 
substituted. If it is not convenient to skin a turtle, place 
it in boiling water a few moments, when the softer parts 
can easily be removed from the shell. In this case, how- 
ever, the bones and skull should be cleaned, labelled, and 
preserved with the shell. 

For scientific specimens, toads and frogs must be pre- 
served in alcohol. But they may be skinned in the follow- 
ing manner: Open the mouth as wide as possible, and cut 
through the bone of the neck or back from the inside; do 
not cut the skin; then separate the flesh on the inside 
all around. Take hold with the thumb and forefinger, or 
with a pair of pliers, of the backbone, and press the skin 
downwards, and draw the body out. When the forelegs: 
appear, cut the bone and flesh off to the toe-nails, and pro- 
ceed to perform the same operation with the hind legs. 
Cover the skin with arsenic, and turn it back, — the legs 
may be easily turned by blowing into them with the 
breath. Fill the body with bran, and support the head 
in a natural position with cotton until dry. Remove the 
eyes from the outside, and supply their place with artificial 


REPTILES. 67 


ones, but be sure to place them in the proper position. 
To place a frog or toad in a fancy attitude, place a ball of 
grass in the body, and wire the legs as described in small 
mammals. 

The best time to collect toads and frogs is during the 
breeding-season in spring. The salamanders may be found 
under stones and logs in,damp places ; also some species in 
springs and clear running brooks, under stones. They 
must be placed in alcohol at once. 

Lizards and alligators may be skinned in the following 
manner: Make an incision the whole length of the belly, 
and skin as described in mammals, leaving the skull in. 
Do not try to remove the skin from the top of the head, as 
it will be likely to tear. The leg-bones should be cleaned 
and left in. The reptile is then mounted in the same 
manner as a mammal. Lizards and small alligators may 
be put in alcohol. 

The eges of frogs and of salamanders may be preserved 
in alcohol. The eggs of lizards, alligators, and turtles 
may be blown in the same manner as birds’ eggs; but it is 
well to place some in alcohol if they are in an advanced 
state of incubation, as they will serve to illustrate the 
growth of the embryo. But the egg must be broken 
slightly to admit the alcohol to the embryo. 

Last winter I accidentally made a discovery relative to 
the preservation of fish and reptiles. While travelling in 
Florida, I accidentally lost some alcohol. Being unable 
‘to replace it, and having some reptiles to preserve, I put 
about an ounce of carbolic acid into a glass jar, with half 
’ a pound of arsenic; to this I added a quart of water, — ii 
will here remark that the waters of Florida are strongly 
impregnated with lime. Into this composition I put some 
reptiles and a few young mammals. After two weeks, the 
jar was packed with others in a box, and sent North by 
express. — 


68 THE NATURALIST’S GUIDE. 


Upon arriving home, and opening the box, I found that 
the jar had become broken, and the liquid had escaped. 
_ The smaller reptiles, etc. I placed in alcohol; but a rep- 
title known as the “Glass Snake” and a young Rabbit 
were left out for want of room, set away and forgotten. 
Upon looking them up about a month afterwards, I found, 
to my surprise, that the “snake” had dried completely 
without shrinking in the least, and, moreover, it retained all 
the peculiar glossiness of life! The Rabbit had not shrunk 
any more than if it had been in strong alcohol. 

Such is the result of an accident. Whether this discoy- 
ery will prove of general practical use in PIEOHy IRS reptiles 
is yet to be proven. 


CHAPTER V. 
MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS, 


Srotion I. Crustacea.— But few of these interesting 
objects of natural history live away from the salt water. 
The Crawfishes and a few others form the exceptions to 
the rule. All Lobsters, Crabs, Shrimps, and Crawfishes 
may be preserved dry. Wash them in fresh water, and, 
if the specimen is large, remove the flesh as much. as 
possible by lifting the shield, or upper part of the shell. 
The specimens should be placed in as natural an attitude 
as possible to dry. When dry they should be handled 
with care, as they break easily. If arsenic is put into the 
body, it will help to preserve it and keep*away noxious 
insects. 

Small Crabs, Shrimps, etc. should be injected with car- 
bolic acid and dried carefully. Never place a specimen in 
the sun to dry, but always in a draught of air in the shade. 
A great many kinds of Shrimps or Sand-Fleas may be col- 
lected from under sea-weeds on sandy beaches. 

Collecting Mollusks. — Many shells may be collected 
on the sea-shore among the rocks at low tide. Some 
of the more minute species may be found clinging to the 
sea-weed that grows on the rocks. These require delicate 
manipulation, as they are very fragile; they are best re- 
moved with the tweezers, and should be placed in wide- 
mouthed bottles containing alcohol. Some species of cone- 
shaped, univalve shells may be found clinging closely to 
the rocks. They should be seized suddenly with the hand, 
and, before the animal has time to contract itself, — which 
it will do very quickly, and then it adheres so closely as 


- 


70 THE NATURALIST’S GUIDE. F 


to render its separation from the rock without injuring 
the shell extremely difficult, —removed with a sliding 
motion. 

Many species may be found buried in the mud.and sand ~ 
below high-water mark. The exact locality where these | 
are hidden may be determined by searching for their 
breathing-holes on the surface of the mud or sand ; then, 
by carefully removing a few inches of the soil, the shell 
may be detected. Numerous species may be taken: in 
deep water by dredging, or with a rake, such as is used in 
gathering oysters, ete. 

A great many shells may be procured just as they are 
cast on shore from the action of the waves; these must 
be washed in fresh water and dried. The different species 
of smaller fresh-water shells may be found upon rocks, 
aquatic plants, and on the surface of the mud. They 
should be placed in alcohol. The larger species — such 
as the mussels—may be taken by dredging. Numerous 
shells of mussels may be found at the entrances of the 
holes of the muskrats; of these the collector may take his 
choice, as many of them are in excellent condition for the 
cabinet. 

The land shells, or snails, may be taken from the differ- 
ent plants upon which they feed, or from under stones or 
logs, especially in damp places. The smaller species should 
be carefully removed with tweezers, as they are very fragile, 
and placed in alcohol. 

Preserving Shells. —It is well to preserve in alcohol 
numbers of all species of shells containing the animal. To 
remove the contents from shells that are to be dried for 
the cabinet, boil them a few moments, and clean them 
with a bent pin or wire. The contents of the different 
Species of bivalves may be removed with a knife without 
boiling, as by this method the shell retains its color much 
better. The bivalves should have their shells closed and 


4 MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS. 7. 


tied until dry. If the shells of mussels have a chalky ap- 
pearance, it may be removed by immersing the specimen 
for a few moments in a bath of diluted muriatic acid. All 
shells should be carefully washed in fresh water with a 
tooth-brush. 

Never varnish a shell; it shows bad taste to try to im- 
prove upon nature in this way, besides injuring the speci- 
-men for scientific use. As some of the more fragile land 
shells are liable to crack when drying, it is well to apply 
a slight coating of gum-arabic dissolved in water. This at 
some future time may be easily removed. There are also 
some species from which the epidermis is liable to peel; to 
prevent this, Mr. F. W. Putnam informs me that they 
should be immersed in oil for a short time. 

Worms. — Marine worms may be found in the sand or 
mud and under stones. They should be kept in strong 
alcohol. Earthworms, Leeches, etc. must also be kept in 
alcohol. 

Many species of marine worms may be found in the 
hulls of ships, or in wood that has been immersed in salt 
water for some time. 

Animal Parasites. — Recently in this country, and for 
some time in Europe, attention has been directed by emi- 
nent naturalists to the parasites found on birds and other 
animals, and in their intestines. These should be placed in 
alcohol. The parasites from each bird or animal should 
be kept separate, in small phials, with the name of the bird 
or animal from which it was taken attached, also the date 
and locality. 

The Jelly-Fishes may be found in deep water or near the 
shore in countless numbers. There are a great many spe- 
cies. They may be preserved in the following manner: 
After catching them in a bucket, pour off the water, and 
add strong alcohol, a little at a time. The animal will give 
out water continually during this operation, and alcohol 


te THE NATURALIST’S GUIDE. * 


should be added until it dies, when the water will cease 
flowing. It should then be removed from this solution 
and placed in strong alcohol, where it must be kept 
permanently. 

Corals — which generally grow at some distance from. 
the shore, and sometimes in deep water — should be se- 
cured with nets. They must first be washed in fresh water, 
then dried in the shade. It is also desirable to preserve 
Specimens in alcohol. 

Sea-Anemones are found attached to the rocks or buried 
in the mud; they should be plunged in strong alcohol 
when fully expanded, but the alcohol should afterwards be 
changed, as they give out large quantities of water. 

Hydroids and Bryozoa. — Incrustations on the rocks, sea- 
weeds, and delicate tufts found growing on rocks, ete., 
are called by these names. They may be dried or pre- 
served in alcohol like the Corals. 

Star-Fishes may be found among the rocks at low tide. 
They should be killed by immersing in alcohol or fresh 
water. Some species should be preserved in alcohol, where 
they should be placed in as natural attitudes as possi- 
ble, as when they become rigid it is impossible to alter 
the position of the arms. They may be dried in the 
shade by placing them in natural positions upon a board. 
. When dead, they should be dried instantly, as they will 
decompose in a few hours if kept in a damp place. 

Sea-Urchins may be taken in rocky pools at low water. 
They may also be found under the sand on beaches, from 
which they are frequently washed by the waves. They may 
be preserved in alcohol, or dried like the Star-Fishes. 

Holothurias, or Sea-Cucumbers, are found on flats or 
under stones. They must be preserved in alcohol. 

Sponges and Seaweeds should be dried in a draught. Very 
‘pretty ornaments are made of the sea-mosses by washing 
them in fresh water, and spreading upon dampened paper 


yi. PREPARING SKELETONS. 73 


with a fine needle; the glutinous matter contained in the 
plants will cause them to adhere so firmly to the paper 
when dried and pressed as to look like a very fine engray- 
ing or painting. When a collection of these are executed 
by a skilful and artistic hand, and bound in a book, they 
form a beautiful and interesting volume.* 

Section II. Preparing Skeletons. —1 will give the meth- 
ods by which bones may be cleaned. To clean the bones 
of large animals, first take off as much of the flesh as is 
possible with a knife ; then put them in slatted boxes, and 
place the boxes in a running stream, or between tide-marks 
on the sea-shore. The boxes, being open, will allow the 
entrance of Shrimps, other aquatic animals, and _ insects, 
who will devour the meat, while the water, having free 
passage through, will perform its part. When well cleaned, 
wash them in warm soap-suds, and, after rinsing, dry in 
the sun and air; this will tend to bleach them. 

The bones of smaller animals may also be cleansed in 
this manner ; but the better way is either to boil them until 
the flesh comes off easily, or to put them into water that 
has been impregnated with chloride of lime ; in both cases | 
the bones will have to be cleaned afterwards with a knife 
and a stiff brush; they should be scraped as little as 
possible. If kept in a dry place, exposed to the action 
of the air, the bones will bleach constantly. 

“Mounting Skeletons. —To mount the skeleton of a bird, 
place a wire through the hole occupied by the spinal cord, 
and fasten it in the skull; this will hold the vertebra of 


* As there is not a general interest manifested in the objects alluded to 
in this section, I have given but few directions for collecting and preserv- 
ing them, but such as will, perhaps, satisfy the general collector. Those 
who are particularly interested in them will find in the pages of the vari- 
ous numbers of the “ American Naturalist” more particular directions for 
collecting and preserving each branch of this truly interesting class of 
animals, written by the most competent and well-informed men in our 
country 

4 


74 THE NATURALIST’S GUIDE. 


the neck and tail, and other bones of the back, in position. 
Next, force a wire through the hollows in the bones of the 
tarsi, tibia, and hips (Plate X. k, y, j) by drilling a hole 
through each end; now fasten this wire to the broad bone 
that covers the back (m), by drilling a hole through on 
each side and bending the wire down firmly (x), first over 
then under the bone, where it meets the end of the oppo- 
site wire ; twist the ends together. The wing, breast, and 
other bones are now fastened on by drilling holes trans- 
versely through the ends and running wires through and 
twisting them (r, d). 

The skeletons of mammals, fishes, etc. are mouse in 
much the same manner. If large, they are supported on 
iron rods. The wire used must be composed of brass or 
copper, as iron corrodes easily. The fleshy or cartilaginous 
parts of the feet should be removed, but not the outer or 
horny portion of the bill. 


=X eld 


PREPARING SKELETONS. 





79 


CHAPTER “Vil; 
COLLECTING AND PRESERVING EGGS. 


No portion of natural history has received more atten- 
tion than the science of Odlogy ; yet in very many cases 
collections of eggs are made in such a careless manner as 
to render them worthless, except as ornaments, on account 
of the collector’s not paying sufficient attention to ‘waa 
cation and authentication. 

Let identification, then, be the collector’s first care ; let 
him make it a rule never to take an egg or nest until 
he can surely tell to what species it belongs. The best 
method of learning the name of the owner of the nest is to 
shoot her, especially by collectors who have had but little 
experience in studying birds; while the more practised 
ornithologist can generally tell at a glance, ifthe bird is 
large, what it is. While ¢éollecting the eggs of the War- 
blers and other small birds, the most experienced odlogist 
should never neglect to shoot the bird, even if he has to 
watch for it a long time. 

Nests and eggs should never be labelled on the author- 
ity of a person who has found them, and only seen the 
birds, but who is in a comparative degree unacquainted 
with them. The nest should be seen 2m situ, and the bird 
identified. Ihave known a great many errors to arise from 
this source. 

Commence early in spring to look for the nests of the 
rapacious birds, and continue the search for these and 
other nests until late in summer. I know of no rule to be 
followed in finding nests. Search long and diligently in 
évery locality frequented by birds; and watch them while 


COLLECTING AND PRESERVING EGGS. sé 


building. Place straw, hay, cotton; hemp, or any of the 
materials that birds use in constructing their nests, in 
an exposed situation in a swamp or wood, then by watch- 
ing the birds when they come to take it, and following 
them, many nests will be found that would otherwise 
escape notice. 

To remove the contents of an egg, drill a small hole 
in one side with a drill made for this purpose (Plate I. 
Figs. 5, 6); two sizes of these drills will be required. Now, 
with the blow-pipe — of which two sizes are also needed, 
(Fig. 7)— applied to the lips, force a small stream of air 
into the hole; this will cause the contents, if fresh, to 
escape at the one hole. To prevent breakage while drill- 
ing the eggs of the Humming-Birds, or other small birds, it 
is well to cover the outer surface with thin paper, gummed 
securely on, and dried. . 

To remove the contents of an egg that has the embryo 
partially developed, drill as before, only a larger hole is 
necessary ; then with a small hook (Fig. 8) remove the 
embryo in small pieces; after which introduce water with 
the blow-pipe to rinse the interior of the egg. If the con- 
tents are allowed to remain in a few days, it will facilitate 
their removal. If the egg is covered with paper, as in the 
case of the Humming-Birds, the edges of the hole will be 
less liable to be injured by the shell being broken while 
using the hook. 

Never make holes at the end of the egg, or on opposite 
sides , but if this old method is still preferred, they should 
both be made on one sede, with the larger one nearest the 
greater end. 

The best method that I know of for authenticating eggs 
_ is the following: After the egg is blown, place a number, 
written with ink, upon it, corresponding with one placed 
in the nest, then draw a line beneath it; under this line 
place the number of the egg in the nest: thus 2 would 


4 


78. THE NATURALIST’S GUIDE. 


mean that the nest is No. 29, and the egg is the No. 4 of 
that nest; both of these numbers will refer to a book, 
where all the particulars of the finding of the nest, the 
locality, measurements of the nest, eggs, etc. in inches, 
are recorded. 

The method of preparing a book like that referred to 
above may be seen in the following specimen : — 














re) Ae 
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oX90 i! 
gas = 
23S qd 
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Sos ‘ 
ea 8 & 
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mee % 
$3.; © 
7 
Ea S 
nA mo 
. © ad 
oO x | Ss 
nm i= = 
a : : 
2, Et 2 
tk 
Oo on NX 
8 20 
re 
9] < 
& a 
‘g 3 
3 e 
ae] 1 
is | 38 
rt re 
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oH as N 
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69 | = a 
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= | Sa 
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Sa s 4 
50 woos 
3 80 aos 
zs ae 


COLLECTING AND PRESERVING EGGS. io 


The measurements of an egg are taken with the dividers 
in hundredths of an inch. The number is attached to the 
nest. Nests, if composed of loose materials, must be kept 
in boxes, separated from each other ; if lined with feathers, 
benzine should frequently be applied, to prevent their being 
attacked by moths. 



























wt 


aah! 


Ieigacderd bead Gi 


CATALOGUE 


OF 


THE BIRDS OF EASTERN MASSACHUSETTS, 


WITH 


NOTES RELATIVE TO THEIR MIGRATION, HABITS, 


ETC., ETC., ETC. 


4* 





PeAsReis FT 


INTRODUCTION. 


OrniITHOLOGISTS of the present day are much indebted to 
the earnest and enthusiastic men who studied the habits 
of our birds in years past ; but truthful and careful though 
they may have been, being but men, they were fallible. As 
this is an age of advancement, it behooves us of the present 
day, while we are in a measure, guided by these teachings, 
not to be biased by their conclusions, that we may detect 
the errors which they unconsciously committed. 

If, while endeavoring to correct some deeply seated error 
of the past, we disagree with our brother ornithologists, 
let us, with the spirit of the true naturalist, who would 
advance the study of Natural History, bring infallible proofs 
of its being an error, thereby convincing without offending. 

_If in the following pages I unwittingly make mistakes, 
I am ready to be convinced by sufficient proof. 

In separating birds into species, too. much dependence 
has been placed upon exceedingly variable characters as 
valid specific distinctions. For instance, the bill, although 
in the main retaining its shape, is sometimes subject to 
wide differences; this is well illustrated in the Terns, 
where they are extremely changeable in the length and 
curve of the culmen; they also vary in coloration; yet . 
in determining species, these points are ao and Ate xe 
have been, considered of value. 

The comparative length of the quills is another very 


84 INTRODUCTION. 


inconstant character, and in but few cases can it be de- 
pended upon. This has been used as a distinguishing 
mark in separating some of the smaller Flycatchers. I 
have tested it, and found it to be valueless, as there is no 
rule relative to age or sex by which this is governed. 

Again, intensity and paleness of color have been almost 
unanimously considered of specific value. Indeed, some 
species have been formed wholly upon this peculiarity ! 
(Witness Z'urdus Alicte.) Spots and bars on the wings, 
and streaks on the rump, are characters changing with 
age and season, and should never be depended upon. 

Another thing is the difference in size; any one who 
has collected, and carefully measured, birds of one species 
from one locality, in any numbers, will at once be con- 
vinced of the absurdity of paying any attention to this 
particular in determining specific characters. As perti- 
nent, I wish here to announce a somewhat surprising dis- 
covery that I have made. After a careful measurement 
of over three thousand specimens, I have been convinced 
of the fact, that birds for a certain period icrease in size, 
after which they gradually decrease. Whether the period of 
decrease is limited or not during the life of the bird, I am 
unable at present to state. The period of zncrease may also 
be variable, both specifically and individually, which yet re- 
mains to be proven. Both the increase and decrease are 
proportional ; feet, bill, wings, and body alike keep equal 
pace. This rule is not without its exceptions, but in the 
majority of cases it is the rule, and I offer it to my fellow- 
laborers to prove and use in their ornithological investi- 
gations. 

Besides those named, there are other distinctions used 
in determining species, that in some cases are inconstant. 
I think it advisable always, before attempting to sepa- 
rate a supposed species from one closely allied, to procure 
a sufficiently large number of specimens, and carefully 


INTRODUCTION. 85 


study these seeming distinctions, and decide if they are 
constant. , } 

Specific characters are, I believe, sufficiently tangible 
and constant in nature, and never need be mistaken ; this 
will hereafter be illustrated. I would, however, first speak 
strongly in disfavor of the growing belief in the hybridism 
of birds. I do not believe that, generally speaking, hybrids 
occur; there are a few cases, but they are exceptions. In 
many instances the so-called hybrids are but abnormal con- 
ditions of plumage, that can be accounted for on entirely 
natural grounds. But sometimes the ornithologist, in his 
haste to make new species, has divided the two opposite 
stages of color in one species, calling each by a different 
specific name, and has afterwards found specimens that 
in their peculiar plumage, size, etc, naturally form con- 
necting links between the two; in his perplexity as to 
which of these to refer it, he has hit upon the fortunate (?) 
expedient of calling it a “hybrid.” Would it not have 
been much better, if, at first, he had taken a large num- 
ber of specimens, and, studying them, seen what the sup- 
posed hybrids really were ? | 

I have yet to meet with a single instance of hybridism 
even among local races, although these perhaps occur — 
but, I think, seldom—among well-defined species while 
undomesticated. 

Species consists in a bird’s having certain characters so 
well defined, although inconstant (but never variable beyond 
a certain point), that it may readily be distinguished from 
others. Take, for an illustration, the Robin, a bird that 
since its discovery has never had a single variety or local 
race called a “new species” (at which I marvel greatly, how- 
ever). The typical specimen has a clear red breast, black 
head, and immaculate slate-colored back and wings, which 
at once distinguish it from all others of the Zurdine. 
We also have a Robin that is very light-colored, with the 


86 INTRODUCTION. 


red almost obsolete, the wings sometimes spotted, and the 
black of the head pale. Perhaps it is a much smaller 
bird than the average, but no one thinks of calling this 
a “new species”; although, if it were not for the fact 
that there are Robins presenting every shade in color and 
difference in size between this and the typical specimen, 
it would certainly be a good species. Why are not the 
same variations, which we can here see at a glance, dis- 
covered in the other members of this family? They cer- 
tainly exist. But more of this anon. 

The Robin has also characters that it bears in common 
with other Z'urdine, which are its true generic characters. 
If, then, we cannot establish a connecting link in the man- 
ner described between one species and its nearest allies, 
we may be sure that it never * mixes with others in breed- 
ing, but always mates with one having the same pecu- 
liarities as itself, although changeable to a certain point. 
This constitutes a natural species. If, on the other hand, 
we do find a connecting link, many times repeated in differ- 
ent individuals, between a supposed species and its nearest 
ally, we may be sure that they are one. 

In the succeeding pages I have followed the classifica- 
tion of Professor W. Lilljeborg, of Upsala, as adopted pro- 
visionally by the Smithsonian Institution. The original 
method being the ascending or progressive mode, while 
the one used is the descending mode, with other minor 
changes. 

This classification is by far the best in use, although, 
perhaps, not perfect. By the old methods the Vulture, 
vile feeder of carrion, was placed jirst, and we were told 
to look to him as king of the birds. But King Vulture 
has been dethroned, and in his stead reigns the Thrush 
king over all; crowned for his sprightly intelligence and. 


* The well-known exceptions to this rule are Colaptes auratus mixing 
with C, Mexicanus; two of the Juncos, and perhaps others. 


INTRODUCTION. 87 


lively song, and he has not his equal. As before, however, 
the birds that, approach nearest the fishes are rightfully 
placed the lowest (Penguins, Grebes, Divers, etc.). 

In writing the present catalogue I have received much 
assistance from the excellent list of Dr. Eliot Coues; also 
from the very complete list of Mr. J. A. Allen, to whom I 
express my sincere thanks for other services. I am also 
under obligations, for valuable information, to Mr. William 
Brewster, of Cambridge; Professor 8. F. Baird, of the 
Smithsonian Institution; Mr. H. B. Farley, of Chelsea ; 
Mr. E. .L. Weeks, of Newtonville; Mr. J. F. Le Baron, of 
Ipswich ; and especially to Mr. Henry A. Purdie, of West 
Newton, for valuable notes concerning the time of migra- 
tion, etc. | 

In giving the time of migration, I have taken the aver- 
age for many years, or the earliest or latest date observed 
during a similar period. 

All information that I have received has been accredited 
to the individuals who have given it. The occurrence of 
all other birds, or notes upon them, I have given upon my 
own authority. When facts about some particular species 
are well known, having been published before, I have not 


repeated them. 
C. J. M. 


NEWTONVILLE, September 20, 1869. _ 





CATALOGUE. 


TURDIDA, — THE THRUSHES. 


1. Turdus migratorius, Linn. — Robin. Common 
summer resident; abundant everywhere; breeds as. abun- 
dantly A few winter regularly ; but I am inclined to think 
that these are visitors from the north, and do not reside 
during summer. The regular summer residents arrive in 
the latter part of February, and depart in November. 

9. Turdus nevius, Gu.— Varied Thrush. Has been 
taken once, at Ipswich, in December. It is, however, en- 
tirely accidental. 

3. Turdus mustelinus, Gu.— Wood Thrush. Mod- 
erately common summer resident ; nests on low bushes or 
trees in swampy woods or thickets. I have found the nest, 
with young, as early as June 4th. The usual time of nest- 
ing in this section is, however, about June Ist. Arrives 
from May 11th to 18th; departs about the middle of Oc- 
tober. ! 

I have invariably found this bird exceedingly shy and 
difficult to approach. It may be seen in early morning, and 
during the evening twilight, in the breeding-season, perched 
on the topmost bough of some tall tree, pouring out a flood 
of delightful melody. In autumn it does not sing, and is 
seldom seen. 

4, Turdus Pallasii, Cas. — Hermit Thrush. Very 
common during its migrations, especially in autumn, when 


90 THE NATURALIST’S GUIDE. 


it is found everywhere in the woods. In the spring it fre- 
quents the swampy woods, and is more shy. Arrives from 
the south from April 9th to 22d ; remains about two weeks, 
when it departs northward. Arrives from the north about 
‘October Ist. Becomes very plentiful by the 10th. By the 
1st of November the greater part disappear, although a few 
remain until quite late in the month. Have taken it in 
Coos County, northern New Hampshire, on October 31st, 
although the ground was covered with snow six inches deep 
at the time! also in Oxford County, Maine, as late as No- 
vember 6th. 

I have never heard it give any note, except a low chirp 
of alarm, while passing through Massachusetts. A few 
undoubtedly breed here. I have seen it at Hyannis on 
July 3, 1868. There is also a nest containing four eggs, 
labelled as belonging to this bird, collected at North Bey- 
erly, June 14, 1868, by Mr. E. P. Emmerton, in the mu- 
seum of the Peabody Academy of Science at Salem. 

5. Turdus fuscescens, StepH.—Wvlson’s Thrush, — 
Tawny Thrush, ‘Veery.” Common summer resident. Ar- 
rives from April 30th to May 12th; leaves. about the Ist 
of September. Found everywhere in the woods, where it 
breeds abundantly. | 

6. Turdus Swainsonii, Cas. —Olive-backed Thrush. — 
Rather rare spring and autumn migrant. Have taken it 
from May 16th to June Ist in spring, and in autumn from 
September 25th until October 9th. Frequents thick, swampy 
woods and thickets, where, from its shy and retiring habits, 
it is very difficult to detect. This bird is quite variable in 
size and intensity of color, insomuch that ornithologists have 
long considered specimens of a somewhat larger size (al- 
though not always) and of a universally pale color, a “new” 
and a ‘good species,” called the ‘‘Gray-cheeked Thrush” | 
(Turdus Alicie, Baird), It is strange that when the wide 
differences in this family are so well known and so generally 


BIRDS OF EASTERN MASSACHUSETTS. 91 


acknowledged, regarding the intensity of color and size, 
that ornithologists will persist in regarding them as char- 
acters of specific value. And more incomprehensible still 
is the fact, that well-reasoning ornithologists cannot see, 
the often-repeated and perfectly natural connecting links, 
both in intensity of color and size, between the two ex- 
tremes, and understand the fact of their being connect- 
ing links, but prefer rather to depart from the great and 
(I believe) unvarying laws that the mighty Ruler of 
the universe has established for the maintenance of spe- 
cies inseparable since their creation, and call them “ hy- 
brids.” 

If in our furor for forming new species we admit such 
intangible characters as these to be of specific value, we 
cannot consistently stop here, but out of this one species 
alone we must (governed by these laws) make at least six! 
For I have seen as many constant stages of plumage among 
specimens of 7’. Swaznsoniz, besides numerous so-called hy- 
_ brids. But enough has already been written by Mr. J. A. 
Allen in the “ Memoirs of the Boston Society of Natural 
History,” Vol. I. Part IV., commencing on page 507, upon 
this subject, to convince any one who will examine for 
himself of the invalidity of “Alicie” as a species.* Mr. 
Allen has given the subject much thought, and presents it 
in the right light. 

7. Seiurust aurocapillus, Swan. — (rolden-crowned 
Thrush, “ Oven-Bird.” A very common summer resident, 
found everywhere in the woods. Its curiously covered nest 
is placed on the ground. Arrives from May 2d to 10th; 
leaves about the middle of September. 


* Examine “‘ Birds of Springfield,’ Proceedings Essex Institute,” Vol. 
IV. pp. 56-58; also “* American Naturalist,’’ Vol. II. p. 622. 

+ This genus which has long been placed with the Sylvicolide, I think 
closely allied to the true Thrushes. Its habits as well as its anatomical 
structure, give it a place among the Turdide. Members of this genus 
might properly bear the name of Terrestrial Thrushes. 


92 THE NATURALIST’S GUIDE. 


8. Seiurus noveboracensis, Nurr.—Water Thrush, 
“Water Wagtail.” Not uncommon during the migrations. 
Have taken it from May 15th to 27th. It passes Massa- 
chusetts in September. It is found in swampy thickets, 
and on the edges of streams, ponds, and pools of water. 
It is not very shy, and in its actions reminds one of a 
Sandpiper. It may possibly breed here, but I have never 
detected it during the summer months. It has, while 
with us in spring, a singularly pleasing song. 

The Large-billed Water Thrush (Secwrus Ludovicianus, 
Bonap.) ought to occur, as I have seen a specimen that was 
taken by my friend, Mr. Allen, near Springfield. 

9. Harporhynchus rufus, Cas.— Brown Thrush, 
‘‘Thrasher,” “Ferruginous Mocking-Bird.” Common sum- 
mer resident ; breeds abundantly ; nests on low bushes or 
on the ground, — more frequently in the latter situation. 
Arrives from April 23d to May 4th; departs about the 
Ist of October. 

10. Mimus Carolinensis, Gray. — Cat-Bird. One 
of the most common and best known of all our birds; also 
very beneficial to the husbandman, in spite of the almost 
universal prejudice against it. Breeds abundantly near 
houses, in hedges, along the edges of woods, or in swampy 
thickets. Arrives from April 29th to May 7th; takes its 
departure about the middle of October. 

11. Mimus polyglottus, Borr.— Wocking-Bird. Has 
been taken in the western part of the State. I have 
never seen a specimen in this region, but Mr. N. Vickery 
informs me that he has seen one that was taken some 
years ago in Lynn. 


SAXICOLID, — Tue Rock-INHABITERS. 


12. Sialia sialis, Barrp. Blue-Bird. — Common ; 
breeds abundantly in holes in trees or in martin-boxes. 


BIRDS OF EASTERN MASSACHUSETTS. 93 


Arrives as early as February 27th; becomes common by 
March 10th; leaves about the 1st of November. 


, SYLVIIDA, — Tue WarBLERs. 


13. Regulus calendulus, Licut. — Ruby-crowned 
Kinglet. Common spring and autumn migrant. Arrives 
in spring, from April 10th to 22d; remains until the first 
week in May; arrives from the north the second, and de- 
parts south the last, week in October. Found in the woods 
and orchards everywhere. 

14. Regulus satrapus, Licut. — Golden-crowned King- | 
let. Abundant winter resident. Found everywhere. Have 
taken it from October, 14th until May 9th. Commonly 
seen in company with the Chickadee. 

The Blue-gray Gnatcatcher (Polioptila cerulea, Sclat.) 
is said to occur. I have never met with it in this section. 


PARIDA, — THe TrrMice. 


15. Parus atricapillus, Linn.— Llack-capped Titmouse, 
“Chickadee.” Abundant resident. Found everywhere ; 
no bird is better known. Builds its nest by drilling a hole 
in a partly decayed tree, generally a birch. It sometimes, 
however, occupies other holes in trees. It builds its nest 
about the first of May. 


CERTHIIDA, — Tut CREEPERS. 


16. Certhia familiaris,* Linn. — Brown Creeper. 
Resident. Rather rare during summer, but common in 
winter. Found everywhere, —in the woods, in orchards, 

* The supposed difference between the American and European Certhia 


is not tangible, therefore the specific name of Americana becomes a 
synonyme. 


94 THE NATURALIST’S GUIDE. 


and on the elm-trees in the streets of the villages. Said 
to build its nest in May in holes of trees. 


SITTIDA, — Tur NvutHatcuHes. , 


17. Sitta Carolinensis, Gu. — White-bellied Nut- 
hatch. Common resident, perhaps more so during. spring 
and autumn ; breeds. I have seen the young fully fledged 
by June 6th. 

18. Sitta Canadensis, Linn.— Red-bellied Nuthatch. 
Rather common winter resident. Arrives about the mid- 

dle of October. Perhaps a few remain to breed, as I have 
taken it in the latter part of May. Found in the woods 
everywhere. ) 


TROGLODYTIDA, — Tue Wrens. 


19. Troglodytes aédon, Vem. — House Wren. 
Common summer resident, but exceedingly local in its 
distribution. In Newton it is very rare during the breed- 
ing-season, while in Cambridge it breeds abundantly. Ar- 
rives from April 30th to May 20th; leaves about Oc- 
tober Ist. 

After a critical examination of a large series of Wrens 
I have come to the conclusion that the so-called “ Wood 
Wren” (Troglodytes Americanus, Aud.) is this species in 
unusually dark plumage. I have in my possession birds — 
exhibiting the well-known marks of immaturity, as gene- 
rally paler colors, with spots upon the wings. With such 
birds the superciliary stripe is better defined. But this 
character is variable, and cannot be depended upon. I 
have also birds with generally darker colors, with the 
superciliary stripe wanting or barely perceptible. The 
wings are unspotted, and the breast exhibits faint undu- 
lating transverse lines or bars of darker. These are the 


BIRDS OF EASTERN MASSACHUSETTS. 95 


extremes; I have birds exhibiting every shade of color 
between, but remarkably variable. 

Upon these inconstant characters does the specific value 
of Americana rest! Very pertinent then are the grave 
doubts expressed by ornithologists as to its validity as a 
species. The following is an accurate description of the 
specific characters, with the more important synonymes, 
and a table of comparative measurements. 


Troglodytes aedon, Viritt. — House Wren. 


Troglodytes aédon. ViELLOT, Ois. Am. Sept. II. 1807, 82; Pl. 
CVII.—Is. Nouv. Dict. XXXIV. 1819, 506. 
bs a Bonape., Obs. Wilson, 1825, No. 136. 
a“ “ Ricu., F. Bor. Am. II. 1831, 316. 
ct Aup., Orn. Biog. I. 1831, 427: V. 1889; Pl. 


LXXXIII.—Is. Syn. 1889, 75.—Is. Birds 
Am. II. 1841, 125; Pl. VILL. 


roe ud BaArrD, Birds N. Am. 1858, 367. 
_ . SAMUELS, Orn. and Odl. of N. Eng. 1867, 196. 
oe be Cougs, Proc. Essex Inst. V. 1867, 278. 
Sylvia domestica. Witson, Am. Orn. I. 1808, 129; Pl. VIII. 
Troglodytes fulvus. NuTTAa.., Man. I. 1882, 422. 
74 6c 


Ricu., List, 1837. 
Troglodytes Americanus. Aun., Orn. Biog. II. 1834, 452: V. 1839, 469, 
Pl. 179. —Ib. Birds Am. II. 1841, 128; Pl. 
. 119. — Is. Syn. 1839, 75. 
«“ “ Barrp, Birds N. Am. 1858, 368. 
% i Cougs, Proc. Essex Inst. v. 1867, 278. 

Sp. Cu. — Bill extremely variable in size, dark brown, 
paler at the base of the lower mandible. Upper parts dark 
brown, becoming more rufous on the rump and upper tail- 
coverts ; middle of back and upper tail-coverts faintly barred 
Peco vebiely with irregular lines of darker. The brown of 
the back is exceedingly changeable; ; when it becomes light- 
colored, these bars are almost, if not quite, obsolete ; wings 
distinctly and more regularly barred transversely with 
black ; tail reddish brown, irregularly but distinctly barred 
transversely with black, — sometimes this black has a lighter 
edging ; under parts dirty white, becoming pale brown on 


96 THE NATURALIST’S GUIDE. 


sides, abdomen, and under tail-coverts. Middle of breast, 
sometimes, and sides, faintly and irregularly barred with 
transverse lines of pale brown. During autumn and winter 
this pale brown of the sides, abdomen, and under tail-coy- 
erts, becomes quite rufous, and the bars on the sides much 
more distinct. Abdomen and under tail-coverts more regu- 
larly and distinctly barred transversely with dark brown ; 
eyes brown. Feet varying from brown to paler, sometimes 
almost white. In this stage it is the 7. Americanus of 
authors. . 

In younger stages the plumage differs from this in hay- 
ing the upper parts paler, with the bars on the middle of 
the back almost, and in some specimens quite, obsolete. 
The bars on the wings are not as distinct, and there are 
on the ends of the wing-coyerts small triangular spots of 
dirty white. There is generally a dirty-white superciliary 
stripe over the eye. The middle of the breast is without 


the faint barrings. The under mandible of the bill is | 


sometimes pale brown the whole length. This is the Z. 
aédon of authors.* 

The first stage is somewhat uncommon, while the inter- 
mediate and the last are of more general occurrence. 

It will be seen by the table, that no rule can be fixed 
where color can be made to coincide with size. 

20. Anorthura hyemalis, Renniz.— Winter Wren. 
Rare in this section during the migrations. I have seen it 
in October and in April. I have never met with it in 
winter, and doubt if it occurs during that season. I found 
it very abundant in Oxford County, Maine, from October 
_ 12th to 22d, when it disappeared. Frequents low bushes 
by the roadside and along stone walls. It is shy, and diffi- 
cult to approach while it is in sight, as upon the appear-- 
ance of man it immediately hides. 

21. Cistothorus stellaris, Cas. — Long-billed Marsh 


* Occasionally the young-of-the-year assume the darker plumage of the 
adult ; this was the case with No. 2970. 


Si 


BIRDS OF EASTERN MASSACHUSETTS. 


Table of Measurements of T. aédon. 























Age. Sex. Locality. Length.|Stretch.| Wing. | Tail. | Bill. nt ik ee o Remarks. 
Se prea eer page | aces oer: eee es es coe nae 1869. |. 
Adult.* Jacksonville, Fla. 4.70 | 6.50 | 2.44 | 2.40 AT 50 4th dpe at Dark colored. 
? 
oe Tg & 4 se 5.00 -| 6.60 | 2.00 | 1.70 | 50 | 57.) 4th | Jan. 1 ig Vs 
oameT & “ “« -} 6.00 | 6.75 | 2.05 | 1.75 | 50 | 65 | 4th | Jan. 8 eno 
eet & a a 4.75 | 6.75 | 2.05 | 195 | 62 | 55 | 4th | Jam 8 en 
~ a va < 4.50 | 6.50 | 2.05 | 1.65 50 | .61 4th Jan. 3 -_ — 
Aden 14 a ce 5.70 6.75 2.10 1.75 -80 60 4th Jan. 17 Pale (?) 
ee ee 4 ud 5.65 | 6.95 | 2.00 | 1.64 |: .51 54 3d March 80 Dark colored. 
ee & Dummitt’s, E. Fla. | 5.00 | 6.50 | 2.10 | 2.00 50 62 4th & 5th} March 10 ae 
Young-§ | Q a * 5.00 | 6.70 | 190 | 1.70 | .50 | .65 | 243d] March11 | Rather pale. 
Adult.§ ? Watertown, Mass. 5.00 | 5.00 | 2.00 | 1.65 | .50 |. 62 | 2d&3d| June 9 Pale. 
Q Jacksonville, Fla, 4.80 | 6.50 | 2.00 | 180 | 46 | 60 |8de4th) Jan. 5 bi 
cot fe) Cambridge, Mass oe eee bee Or 145 | 45 | .55 | 248d} June 23 a 
vomne et | ft | Newton, Mass, 5.15 | 7.00 | 2.12 | 2.80 | 60 -| c7 | 8a | Sept. 6 | Dark colored. 
* Intermediate, but approximating to Americanus. + In the plumage described as Americanus. 
~ Plumage described as the typical aédon. »  § Intermediate, but approximating to aédon. 


|| I give the longest quill of each bird to show the absurdity of making this a valid specific character, as was done by the old authors. 





98 THE NATURALIST’S GUIDE. 


Wren. Common in the large fresh-water marshes during 
summer, where it breeds during the latter part of May. 

22. Cistothorus palustris, Cas. — Short-billed Marsh 
Wren. Rather more common than the preceding. Fre- 
quents the same localities. It is exceedingly difficult to 
procure, on account of its lying very closely when hunted. 


MOTACILLIDA, — Tue Wacrais. 


23. Anthus Ludovicianus, Licut. — 7%#-lark. Abun- 
dant spring and autumn migrant along the coast. I am 
informed by my friend, Mr. William Brewster, that it is 
also abundant on the Fresh Pond marshes, near Cam- 
bridge. It has the habit of jerking its tail like the Water 
Thrushes. 


SYLVICOLIDA, — Tur Woop-WarBLERSs. 


24, Mniotilta varia, Vien. — Black and White Creep- 
er. Common summer resident. Abundant during the mi- 
grations. Found in the woods everywhere. Arrives the 
last week in April; leaves the latter part of September. 
Breeds. 

25. Parula Americana, Bon. — Blue Vellow-backed 
Warbler. Summer resident. This beautiful little Warbler 
seems to be a somewhat irregular visitor while migrating. 
During the spring of 1867 it was very abundant; in 1868 
I could find but two or three, although I searched dili- ” 
gently for it; while the season of 1869 brought it in 
particular abundance. Found generally in oak woods. 
Arrives about the second week in May; leaves in the mid- 
dle of September. Mr. William Brewster informs me that 
it breeds quite commonly in certain localities. : 

26. Geothlypis trichas, Cas.— Maryland Yellow- 


‘BIRDS OF EASTERN MASSACHUSETTS. 99 


throated Warbler. Abundant summer resident ; breeds, 
commonly in marshy or Swampy places. Arrives from 
May Ist to 13th; leaves about the first week in October or 
the latter part of September. 

27. Geothlypis Philadelphia, Barro. — Mourning 
Warbler. Very rare. May 21, 1866, Mr. William Brew- 
ster shot a male in Cambridge, on the top of a tall tree. 
Another specimen of the same sex was taken at the Fran- 
conia Mountains, New Hampshire, on August 3, 1867. “It 
was in company with four fully fledged young, which it was 
feeding. The young, being shy, and in a thicket of low 
bushes, were not procured. The old bird was catching flies 
after the manner of the Flycatchers.”* I have met with 
this species but once; that was in May, among low bushes, 
in a swampy place. 

28. Oporornis agilis, Barro. — Connecticut Warbler. 
Very rare, especially during spring. I can record but four 
instances of. its capture, —a male, among low bushes, in 
Newton Centre, on September 16, 1867, by Mr. L. L. 
Thaxter; I procured another male in September, 1868, 
also among low bushes, in a swampy place. My specimen 
was very shy. It was exceedingly fat; I never met with a 
bird more so. Mr. H. A. Purdie has also taken Specimens 
twice in September. 

29. Icteria viridis, Bon. — Vellow-breasted Chat. Ex- 
ceedingly rare summer visitor. Shot a male in full plu- 
mage in a swampy thicket in the spring of 1862. This 
41s the only instance recorded of its capture in this 
locality. 

30. Helminthophaga ruficapilla, Barrp. — Vash- 
ville Warbler. Common on the migrations: A few breed. 
Arrives from May 6th to 18th; departs in September. 
Frequents the woods everywhere, generally keeping near 
the tops of the trees or on the higher branches. 


* MS. Notes of Mr. W. Brewster. 


100 THE NATURALIST’S GUIDE. 


31. Helminthophaga peregrina, Cas. — Tennessee 
Warbler. Very rare spring and autumn migrant. Be- 
tween the 18th and the 24th of May, 1869, I shot four 
specimens, all males, on apple-trees in Newtonville. This 
is the first record of its capture in Eastern Massachusetts. 
A pair, male and female, were shot by Mr. William Brew- 
ster, near Mount Auburn, on high oak-trees. It has a very 
pleasing note. Its breeding-place is unknown ; probably in 
the northern sections of New England, however, it finds a 
secure home. 

32. Helminthophaga pina, Bairp. — blue-winged 
Yellow Warbler.. Mr. E. A. Samuels gives it as a very 
rare summer resident. “In 1857, in the month of May, 
about the 12th or 15th, I found a small flock in Dedham, 
Massachusetts.” * It is also given, by other ornithologists, 
as very rare. I have never met with it. 

33. Helminthophaga chrysoptera, Barrp.— Golden- 
winged Warbler. Rather common summer resident. Ar- 
rives from May 15th to 29th. 

I had long suspected this beautiful Warbler of breed- 
ing with us; this season my suspicions were confirmed. 
The following is an extract from my note-book :— 

_ “ June 12, 1869. — Walking this morning in a lane that 
goes through a piece of woods in West Newton, my atten- 
tion was attracted by hearing the sharp alarm-note of a 
female of this species, who was sitting upon a small elm- 
tree by the roadside, within a few yards of me. Knowing 
by her actions that she had a nest in the immediate vicin- 
ity, I retreated a few rods and watched her. In a few 
moments she flew down into the grass and tall weeds at 
the foot of the tree. I waited a little, then went quickly 
to the spot; after a short search I discovered the bird 
sitting on the nest almost at my feet! She instantly 
flew off, and alighted upon a tree near by, disclosing to my 


* “ Ornithology and Odlogy of New England,” 1867, p. 213. 


BIRDS OF EASTERN MASSACHUSETTS. 101 


delighted gaze the eggs. They were the first I had ever 
seen, and I was much pleased. Full well was I now repaid 
for all my former searching through swampy thickets and 
briery hedges for this bird’s nest. 

“ The locality chosen was within a few feet of a lane where 
an occasional pedestrian passed, and within eight rods of a 
travelled road! These facts are surprising, inasmuch as 
the general habitat of this bird is in lonely, swampy places, 
remote from man and his ways. About twenty rods away 
was a swampy thicket ; from this the land sloped gradually 
up to the spot where the nest was placed. There was, 
apparently, no attempt at concealment whatever; to be 
sure, at the time of discovery it was partly overshadowed 
by some ferns and rank weeds; but these must have 
grown after the nest was built, and it was plainly percep- 
tible to a person standing upright. It was placed upon 
a small bit of green moss, without the slightest depression 
of the ground ; indeed, the spot, if anything, was slightly 
elevated above the surrounding surface. Over all waved 
the branches of the pretty little elm upon which I first saw 
the bird. There were a few Scattering oak and elm trees 
in the immediate vicinity. 

“The nest is composed outwardly of large oak-leaves, of 
the previous year, and grapevine bark, and is lined, not 
very smoothly, with fine grass and a few horse-hairs. It 
is large for the size of the bird, quite deep, and slightly 
smaller in diameter at the top than in the middle. The 
whole structure is not nearly as neat as would be expected 
from so small and elegant a bird, and reminds one strik- 
ingly of the nest of the Maryland Yellow-throat. The 
dimensions are: Depth externally 3.15 inches, internally 
2.20. Diameter internally in the middle 2.25, at the top 
1,90; diameter externally 3.50. 

“The eggs are four in number, very prettily marked, 
and proportionate to the size of the bird. No. 1 is per- 


102 THE NATURALIST’S QUIDE. 


fect in form ; measures .67 X .55, and is pure white, spotted 
and blotched with reddish brown, thickly at the larger and 
sparsely at the smaller ends. No. 2, also perfect ; measures 
.66 X .55 ; is spotted at the larger end, but not as thickly 
as No. 1; very sparsely at the smaller end. No. 3, per- 
fect ; measures .66 X .55; but few spots on the: larger 
end compared with the others; the spots on the smaller 
end are few and scarcely perceptible. No. 4 is not so per- 
fect in form, being smaller in the middle ; measures .67 X 
.50; the spots on the larger end form an irregular ring 
around a comparatively clear centre; the egg is but little 
spotted elsewhere. There was also a Cow-Bunting’s egg in 
the nest.” * . 

It is a strange fact that among all the birds of this 
species I have seen, I have never met with a female be- 
fore. I will here give a short description, as compared 
with the plumage of the male, of the one which I shot, as 
it differs from that given by others. The yellow on the 
wings is as bright as in the male, and that of the crown 
nearly as bright. Not as much white on the tail. The 
throat and cheeks, black in the male, are in this case slate. 
The middle of the back, which, in the. perfectly mature 
male, — with which this should be compared, as it is evi- 
dently a perfectly mature female, — is of a beautiful pearl 
gray, in this case is strongly tinged with the greenish 
shade seen in young males. The under parts are yellow- 
ish instead of a clear white. 

I have invariably found this Warbler in swampy places, 
generally on the edges of woods. 

34. Dendroeca virens, Batrp. — Black-throated Green 
Warbler. Abundant during the migrations; but breeds 
commonly. Arrives from April 30th to May 19th; de- 
parts in September. Found everywhere in the woods, but 
generally among pine-trees. 


* “The nest is rare, although I have seen half a dozen altogether,” — 
Professor S. F. Barrp, in Epist. 





BIRDS OF EASTERN MASSACHUSETTS. 108 


35. Dendroeca ccerulescens, Barry. — Black-throated 
Blue Warbler. Rare during the migrations. Have taken 
it from May 15th to 24th. I have always found it in mixed 
woods. “ Although not generally common, I found it quite 
plentiful during the season of 1869.” * ; 

36. Dendroeca coronata, Gray. — Yellow-rumped 
Warbler, “ Myrtle-Bird.” Very abundant during the migra- 
tions. Arrives from April 20th to May 5th. I have seen it 
from April 18th until the 1st of June. Appears about the 
last week of September in great numbers, in straggling, de- 
tached flocks ; remains until November Ist. Perhaps some 
remain during the winter, at which time I have met with 
it in great numbers in Florida. 3 

37. Dendroeca castanea, Bairv.— Bay-breasted War- 
bler. . Exceedingly rare. Possibly breeds, as I have taken 
a male on June 19, 1867. Arrives from May 17th to 22d. _ 
I have never met with this species in autumn. (See D, 
striata.) Mr. Brewster says that he has taken it in Wolf- 
boro’, New Hampshire, in May. Frequents the woods every- 
where. 

38. Dendreeca Blackburniz, Bairp. — Vrs. Black- 
burn’s Warbler, Blackburnian Warbler. Tn some seasons not 
uncommon during the migrations. Arrives from May 17th 
to 27th; departs for the south in September. Found 
everywhere, both in the woods and on apple-trees. 

39. Dendroeca pina, Bairp. — Pine-creeping War- 
bler, Pine Warbler. Common during the migrations. A 
few breed. Arrives from April 9th to 22d; departs in 
September. Found everywhere. 

40. Dendrceca Pennsylvanica, Bairp.— Chestnut- 
sided Warbler. Common symmer resident; breeds com- 
monly. Arrives from May 5th to 19th; departs about the 
second week in September. Found everywhere. 

41. Dendrcoeca striata, Batrp. — Black-polled War- 


* Mr. W. Brewster, in MS. 


104 THE NATURALIST’S GUIDE. 


bler. Very abundaut spring and autumn migrant. I have 
taken it in spring from May 15th until June 9th; in au- 
tumn, from September 19th until the latter part of Oc- 
tober, — during this season it is very numerous. I think 
the Sylvia autumnalis, Wils., is really the young of this 
species. I have shot hundreds of this species in’ autumn, 
but have never taken one of the other (D. castanea). 

42. Dendroeca cestiva, Bairp.— Summer Yellow- 
bird. The most common of the Dendreca in summer ; 
breeds abundantly. Arrives from April 30th to May 8th ; 
departs early in September. 

43. Dendrceca maculosa, Bairp.— Black and Yellow 
Warbler. Rather rare migrant, although common during 
the spring of 1867. Arrives the third week in May; have 
taken it from the 23d to the 27th; have never met yith it 
in autumn. Frequents the woods everywhere. 

44, Dendroeca palmarum, Barirp. — Red-Poll War- 
bler, “‘ Palm Warbler.” Abundant during the migrations. 
I have taken it from April 9th to May 10th. In autumn it 
arrives from the north about the middle of September, and 
occupies about two weeks in passing. The most terres- 
trial of all the Dendraca. Found everywhere. — 

45. Dendroeca discolor, Bairp. — Prairie Warbler. 
Rather common summer resident. Arrives from May 13th 
to 19th. Frequents the high sandy fields grown up to 
bushes, or rocky hillside covered with barberry bushes, — 
where it breeds. Has a most peculiar song, which is al- 
most indescribable. ; 

I have never met with the Blue Warbler (Dendraca 
cerulea, Baird) although it perhaps rarely occurs. 

46. Perissoglossa tigrina, Bairp.— Cape May War- 
Oler. Exceedingly rare spring and autumn migrant. I 
have never met with it. Mr. W. Brewster has taken it 
in an apple-tree on May 17, 1867. The late Dr. Henry © 
Bryant once showed me quite a number of skins, which he 





BIRDS OF EASTERN MASSACHUSETTS. 105 


said were taken in eastern Massachusetts, in spring, upon 
apple-trees when in bloom. 

47. Miyiodioctes pusillus, Bon. — Black-capped Fly- 
catching Warbler. Not uncommon during the spring mi- 
grations. Have taken it from May 18th to 24th, but have 
never seen it in autumn. It sings well; has more of the 
habits of a Warbler than a Flycatcher. Frequents thickets, 
often by the side of a stream; I have also shot it on the 
tops of high trees. 

48. Myiodioctes Canadensis, Aup. — Canada Fly- 
catching Warbler. Common during the migrations. I 
have taken it from May 22d to June 4th. - It is said to 
breed. Frequents low bushes on the edges of woods. 

The Hooded Flycatching Warbler (Myiodzoctes mitra- 
tus, Aud.) may occur, but I have yet to meet with a single 
well-authenticated instance of its capture. 

49. Setophaga ruticilla, Swain. — Redstart. Com- 
_mon summer resident. Arrives from May 5th to 19th; 
last seen about September 10th. This species loves the 
deep woods, where it builds its nest, generally in the fork 
of a high limb, on some lofty tree. 


HIRUNDINIDA, — Tue Swattows. 


50. Hirundo horreorum, Barton. — Barn Swallow. 
Very abundant summer resident. Arrives the last week in 
April ; departs in early September. Nests in barns. 

51. Petrochelidon lunifrons, Cas. — Chf Swallow, 
Haves Swallow. Common summer resident. Arrives the 
first week in May; leaves in the latter part of August. 
Breeds under the eaves of barns, generally in associations, 
hundreds sometimes choosing one building; hence it is 
sometimes called the ‘ Republican,” or “ Sociable Swallow.” 
Formerly nested under cliffs. 

52. Tachycineta bicolor, Cas. — White-bellied Swal- 

Be 


106 THE NATURALIST’S GUIDE. 


low, ‘White-bellied Martin.” Abundant summer resi- 
dent. Arrives from March 31st to April 12th; the first 
of the Swallows in spring, also remaining the latest, de- 
parting about the middle of September. It congregates 
upon the salt marshes during the latter part of August 
and first of September literally by millions ; the air is so 
completely filled with them that it is almost impossible to 
discharge a gun without killing some. Nests in the mar- 
tin-houses, or in holes in buildings. I was extremely in- 
terested when, in company with my friend, Mr. Allen, we 
found a nest containing six eggs, built in the primitive 
manner, in a hole of an old blasted cedar-tree, upon the ° 
Ipswich Sand-hills. The tree had probably stood there for 
centuries. 

53. Cotyle riparia, Boizr.— Bank Swallow. Abun- 
dant summer resident, especially along the coast. Arrives 
from May 13th to 21st ; Ieaves the last week in August. 
Breeds by the thousand in the sandy banks along our 
shore, also in the. interior. Both sexes assist in incuba- 
tion. 
54. Progne subis, Barrp.— Purple Martin, “Black 
Martin.” Common summer resident ; somewhat local in 
its distribution ; yery abundant upon Cape Cod, while in 
some places in the interior it is rare. Arrives the last 
week in April; leaves about the last week in August. 


VIREONIDA, — Tue ViRezos. 


55. Vireo olivaceus, Vieriu. — Red-eyed Vireo. Very 
abundant summer resident. Arrives from May 4th to 
19th; leaves about the middle of September. Nests on 
trees in the woods, where it is always found. 

56. Vireo gilvus, Bon. — Warbling Vireo. Common | 
Summer resident. Arrives from May 8th to 16th; last 





BIRDS. OF EASTERN MASSACHUSETTS. 107 


seen September 17th. Frequents orchards; seldom seen in 
‘the thick woods. Nests in trees, either in an orchard or 
among scattering forest-trees, never in the deep woods. 
This bird is easily distinguished from the other Vireos by 
its warbling and continuous song. 

The “Brotherly-love Vireo” (Vireo Philadelphicus, Cass.) 
may occur as a rare summer visitor, as it has been taken 
in Maine. 

57. Vireo solitarius, Viniw1.— Llue-headed Vvereo, 
“Solitary Vireo.” — Rather rare during the migrations. 
Arrives about the last week in April, passes quickly 
through; found again in September. Frequents the woods 
everywhere. Perhaps a few breed, for my friend, Mr. J. T. 
Brown, Jr., has taken it in June, at Concord, Massa- 
chusetis. 

58. Vireo flavifrons, Vinitu. — Yellow-throated Vireo. 
Rather common summer resident. Arrives from May 9th 
to 15th; leaves about the first week in September. [re- 
quents open woods and orchards, where it breeds, nesting 
on trees. 

59. Vireo noveboracensis, Bon. —White-eyed Vireo. 
Rather common summer resident in localities; rare in New- 
ton, but common in the adjacent towns. Arrives from 
May 10th to 16th. Frequents swampy places, where it is 
somewhat diffiéult to procure, but is easily detected by 
its loud and peculiar notes. Breeds; builds its nest on 
the lower branch of a small tree, or on a low bush; it is 
generally hidden by the surrounding grass or foliage, and 
is difficult to find. 


AMPELIDA, — Tue Waxwines. 


60. Ampelis garrulus, Linn.— Bohemian Waxwing. 
Accidental winter visitor from the north. The only in- 
stances of its capture in the eastern section of the State, 


108 THE NATURALIST’S GUIDE. 


that I am aware of, occurred near Worcester, where several 
were taken; they were in the possession of Dr. Henry 
Bryant, of Boston; and Mr. J. A. Allen informs me 
that Mr. S. Jillson took several at Berlin a few years ago. 
Mr. William Brewster also saw a specimen, during Novem- 
ber of 1869, at Watertown. 

61. Ampelis cedrorum, Batrpv.— Waxwing, Cedar- 
Bird, “Cherry-Bird,” ‘‘Canada Robin.” Resident. Gen- 
erally found through the winter; not always abundant, 
however. It becomes numerous in May, when it does con- 
siderable injury to the fruit of apple-trees by devouring 
the petals and stamens of the blossoms. It eats the small 
fruits, also a large number of insects, especially canker- 
worms, in the seasons when these pests rage. It breeds 
late, not until the middle of June. During the latter part 
of July it may be seen catching insects over ponds or 
streams. During September and October it disappears ; 
but in November it reappears, and until the next spring 
feeds upon the berries of the cedar and mountain-ash. 
Gregarious at all times, it is, perhaps, less so during the 
breeding-season, at which time it is seen in small parties. 


LANIIDA,— THe SHRIKES. 


62. Collurio borealis, Bairp. — Great Northern Shreke. 
Winter visitor, but somewhat irregular in numbers at 
various seasons. When the Lesser Red-Polls or the Pine 
Finches are common, the Shrikes follow them and prey 
upon them. Have known it to occur from October 6th 
to April 10th. 


TANAGRIDA, — THe TANAGERS. 





63. Pyranga rubra, Viei1..—Scarlet Tanager. Rather - 
common summer resident. Arrives from May 10th to 26th; 


BIRDS OF EASTERN MASSACHUSETTS. 109 


remains until the latter part of September. Found in open 
oak woods more plentifully during the spring migrations. 
Nests on the top of small trees. 

64. Pyranga ezstiva, Vien. — Summer Tanager. 
“Summer Red-Bird.” Accidental. “Two were taken in 
Lynn after a severe storm, April 21, 1852.”* I saw one 
in the collection of Mr. A. L. Babcock, at Sherborne, 
which was taken near that place; this specimen was a 
male in immature plumage. It has a loud and pleasing 
song. 


FRINGILLIDA, — Tue Fincuzs anp Sparrows. 


65. Pinicola Canadensis, Cas.— Pine Grosbeak. 
An irregular winter visitant. On November 4, 1866, 
large numbers appeared, and remained through the winter, 
feeding upon the berries of the cedar; by .February 27, 
1867, it disappeared ; it was also common during the win- 
ter of 1868-69. 

The true reason of the visits of this northern bird is 
not, aS many suppose, the severe winters, but its migra- 
tions are regulated entirely by the supply of food. While 
visiting northern Maine and New Hampshire in the au- 
tumn of 1868, I observed that the cone-bearing trees, 
upon the seeds of which this bird in a great measure 
‘subsists, had but few cones upon them; hence its abun- 
dance in Massachusetts during the succeeding winter. It 
is very unsuspicious, and may. be taken with a noose upon 
a pole; is easily tamed, and will in a short time become 
quite familiar. 

66. Carpodacus purpureus, Gray. — Purple Winch. 
Abundant resident. Breeds, nesting in cedar-trees. Found 
during summer everywhere; during winter, among thick 
groves of cedar. Eagerly eats the petals and stamens 


* §. Jillson, “ Proceedings of the Essex Institute,’’ I. p. 224. 


110 THE NATURALIST’S GUIDE. 


of the apple-blossom ; also eats a few insects; but gen- 
erally feeds upon seeds. The plumage of the male of 
the first, second, and third years is gray like the female; 
on the fourth year it assumes the brighter male plumage. 
Both sexes sing, —the females not as loud as the males, 
however. 

67. Astragalinus tristis, Cas. — Goldfinch, “ Yellow- 
Bird,” “Thistle-Bird.” Abundant resident ; gregarious in 
winter. Breeds late in June. | 

68. Chrysomitris pinus, Bon.— Pine Linnet, Pine 
Finch. — Another irregular winter visitor, whose move- 
ments are regulated by the supply of food, but in a differ- 
ent manner from P. Canadensis ; it feeds upon the seeds 
of weeds a great deal during winter; in fact, they form its 
principal supply of food after the seeds of the birch are 
exhausted. When the snow is deep in the region north of 
Massachusetts, and covers the weeds to such a depth that 
they are not exposed, then we have a visit from this bird. 
It was very numerous during the winter of 1859-60, 
remaining until quite late; after that time I did not meet 
with it until the winter of 1868—69, when it was quite 
common ; it remained until the last week in May. Its 
nest has been found at Cambridge. 

69. #Ggiothus linarius, Cas. — Red-Poll, Lesser Red- 
Poll Linnet. Irregular in its visits, and governed by the 
same laws as. the preceding, with the exception that it is 
a more restless species. Common all the seasons that the 
preceding have been, and in the winter of 1866-67. 
Have taken it from the last of December until the 25th of 
April. 

The Zgiothus ‘ exclipes” of Coues (4. canescens of other 
ornithologists) is only a paler variety of this species, of 
which, if we admit the inconstant characters used in con- 
structing it (@. “exilipes”) as tangible, we have an almost 
endless array of species. 


BIRDS OF EASTERN MASSACHUSETTS. — i111 


70. Curvirostra Americana, Wits. — Red Crossbiil. 
Irregular in its visits ; the same laws regulate its appear- 
ance as govern P. Canadensis, and it is generally found the 
same seasons. Frequents the pine woods. More numer- 

us in the winter of 1862-63 than I have ever seen it 

before ; it remained until April, when it was in full plu- 
mage and in full song. In the autumn of 1868 some in- 
teresting facts relative to the movements of this bird 
_ came under my notice. During the latter part of August 
it became quite numerous, and some specimens were in 
immature plumage; this would seem to indicate that it 
breeds in Massachusetts. Upon going to Albany, Maine, 
later in the season, I was informed, by the farmers, that 
in August the Crossbill had appeared in great numbers, 
and had done great damage to the oats by eating them 
and cutting off the heads. When the oats were harvested, 
it disappeared ; and at that time (October 12th) there was 
not a single specimen to be found! These were evidently 
the birds that appeared in Massachusetts in the latter part 
of August. Indeed, it passed sowth of Newton, Massa- 
chusetts, as upon my return, in November, not a bird 
was to be found! It breeds in winter in Maine, during 
the month of February ; this statement is made upon the 
authority of Mr. G. A. Boardman, who has taken their 
nests and eggs at that time. It is also said to breed in 
Massachusetts. 

71. Curvirostra leucoptera, Wi1s. —White-winged 
Crossbill. Being more northern in its habits than the pre- 
ceding, it is seldom seen in this section. Common dur- 
ing the winter of 1868-69. On October 21st it appeared 
in great numbers at Albany, Maine; December 3d it was 
found at Ipswich, Massachusetts, where it feeds upon the 
seeds of the beach-grass; a few days later it was seen in 
Newton in large flocks. It remained¢until late in April. 
Perhaps breeds. I obtained a specimen on June 13, 1866, 


112 THE NATURALIST’S: GUIDE. 


shot on an apple-tree in Newtonville; it was filled with 
canker-worms. | 

72. Plectrophanes nivalis, Mryrr. — Snow-Bunt- 
ang. Abundant winter visitor, especially on the sea-shore. 
I have seen thousands rise at the report of my gun, on the 
Ipswich Sand-hills, where it feeds upon the seeds of the 
beach-grass. This species, with the preceding four and 
P. Canadensis, are, while with us, always gregarious. Ar- 
rives in November; remains until April. 

73. Plectrophanes Lapponicus, Srersy.— Lapland 
Longspur, Lapland Bunting. Generally rare, but common 
on the Ipswich Sand-hills, where it associates with the 
preceding; its note is different, being more shrill, but 
it has much the same habits. I have seen it with the 
Shore Larks, but have never met with it alone. Its pro- 
portion to the Snow-Bunting was about one in every 
hundred. . 

74. Chondestes grammacus, Swain.—Lark Finch. 
Exceedingly rare or accidental in autumn. One taken in 
Gloucester, in 1845, by S. Jillson. 

75. Centronyx Bairdii, Barrp.— Bards Sparrow. 
It is with pleasure that I add this unique sparrow to the 
Catalogue of the Birds of Eastern Massachusetts. Previous 
to the capture of this there was but one specimen extant, 
which was one of the original birds captured by Audubon 
upon the banks of the Yellowstone River, July 26, 1843. ! 
My specimen, through the kindness of Professor 8S. F. 
Baird, has been compared with the original, which is in his 
possession, and pronounced identical; but as mine differs 
somewhat from his, I have thought best to give a descrip- 
tion of it here.* 

* “Tt differs in color just as clear autumnal birds differ from.worn 
breeding ones, —tints paler, markings more suffused, ete. The stripe 
along the top of head is paler, not as fulvous as in the type ; but in all _ 


essential points it seems to be the same bird.’’ — Professor S. F. BArrp, 
in Epist. 


BIRDS OF EASTERN MASSACHUSETTS. Ls 


Centronyx Bairdii, Bamp. — Baird’s Sparrow. 
| (See Frontispiece.*) 


Emberiza Bairdi. Aup., Birds America, VII. 1843 ; Pl. 500. 
Coturniculus Bairdii. Bon., Syn. 1850, 481. 
Centronyx Bairdit. Barrp, Birds N. Am. 1858, 441. 


Sp. Cu. — Back grayish ; the middle of the feathers hav- 
ing a black centre edged with rufous. Top of head streaked 
with dusky and pale rufous, divided by a broad stripe of 
pale yellowish white. There is also a whitish superciliary 
stripe extending from the base of the bill to the back of 
the head. Ear-coverts grayish, with a rufous tinge. Quills 
brownish, edged with white on the outer web ; scapularies, 
secondaries, and wing-coverts brownish-black, edged broad- 
ly with rufous, brightest on the secondaries ; scapularies 
also edged narrowly with white ; the ends of both rows of 
wing-coverts narrowly tipped with white, forming two rather 
indistinct bars across the wings. Tail brownish, with the 
tips of the feathers and terminal half of the outer web of 
the outer tail-feathers pale yellowish white ; the rest of the 
tail-feathers narrowly edged with the same. Under parts, 
including under tail-coverts, pure white. Feathers of the 
sides of the throat, with a broad band across the breast and 
sides, streaked with rufous, with dusky centres. The throat 
is indistinctly spotted with dusky. A triangular spot on 
the sides of the neck, below the ear-coverts, pale buff; 
ears dusky. Bill dark brown, with the base of the under 
mandible paler. Hyes and feet brown. 

Differs from Powcetes gramineus, which in general form it 
resembles, in having a central stripe on the head, and a 
general rufous appearance, also in having longer tarsi, toes, 
and claws. With Passerculus savanna it cannot justly be 
compared, as it is much larger, and has a shorter and more 


* The convexity of the upper mandible is somewhat exaggerated in the 
plate. 
H 


THE NATURALIST’S GUIDE. 


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BIRDS OF EASTERN MASSACHUSETTS. 115 


obtuse bill. Indeed, so nearly does it resemble the P. 

* gramineus, that amateur ornithologists to whom I have 
shown it have unhesitatingly pronounced it to be that 
species. 

I give the comparative measurements of the two speci- 
mens, remarking that Professor Baird’s was made from the 
dried skin, while mine was taken from the fresh bird. 

The Ipswich Sand-hills, where the specimen was pro- 

_ cured, is a most peculiar place. I never have met with its 
equal anywhere. Years ago these Sand-hills, which are 
three miles long by three fourths of a mile across, and con- 
tain about one thousand acres, were covered with a thick 
growth of pine-trees. Protected by these trees, and among 
them, dwelt a tribe of Indians, whose earlier presence 
is indicated, not only by tradition, but by numerous shell 
heaps scattered over the Sand-hills at irregular inter- 
vals. Indeed, even now the ashes of camp-fires may be 
seen, apparently fresh. Upon the advent of the white 
man, the usual event transpired, namely, the disappearance 
of the trees; and to-day, with the exception of a few scat- 
tering ones at the southeasterly corner, near the house 

_ of the proprietor of the Sand-hills, Mr. George Woodbury, 
not a tree is to be seen. All is bleak and barren. The 
surface of the ground, once covered with a slight deposit of 
soil, has become a mass of shifting sands. Many times has 
the present owner had cause to regret the want of fore- 
sight in his ancestors in removing the trees, as the several 
acres of arable-land around the house are now covered 
with sand, including a valuable apple-orchard. Upon this 
orchard the sand has drifted to the depth of thirty feet. 
Some of the trees present the curious phenomenon of ap- 
ples growing upon limbs that protrude a few feet only 
above the sand, while the trunk and lower branches are 
buried! The Sand-hills, in places, are covered with a 
sparse growth of coarse grass, upon the seeds of which, 


116 THE NATURALIST’S GUIDE. 


as I have remarked elsewhere, thousands of Snow-Bunt- 
ings feed. There are, in some places, sinks or depressions 
with the level of the sea. In these sinks, which, except 
during the summer months, are filled with fresh water, 
a more luxuriant growth of grass appears. Walking, on 
December 4, 1868, near one of these places, in search of | 
Lapland Longspurs, I started a sparrow from out the tall 
grass, which flew wildly, and alighted again a few rods 
away. I approached the spot, surprised at seeing a spar- 
row at this late day so far north, especially in so bleak a 
place. After some trouble I again started it. It flew 
wildly as before, when I fired, and was fortunate enough 
to secure it. It proved to be Baird’s Sparrow. When I 
found I had taken a specimen which I had never seen be- 
fore, —although at that time I did not know its name or 
the interest attached to it, I instantly went in search 
of more. After a time I succeeded in starting another. 
This one, however, rose too far off for gunshot, and 
I did not secure it. It flew away to a great distance, 
when I lost sight of it. After this I thought that 
among the myriads of Snow-Buntings that continually 
rose a short distance from: me I again detected it, but 
I was perhaps mistaken. I am confident of having 
seen it in previous years at this place, earlier in the 
season. ¥ 

To show the similarity of the habits of these birds, even 
in widely different localities, I give below extracts from 
Audubon’s account. “During one of our buffalo hunts — 
(July 26, 1843) we happened to pass along several wet 
places closely overgrown with a kind of slender, rush-like 
grass, from which we heard the notes of this species, and 
which we thought were produced by Marsh Wrens (Zvoglo- 
dytes palustris). Messrs. Harris and J. G. Bell immediately 
went in search of the birds. Mr. Bell soon discovered that 
the notes of Baird’s Bunting were softer and more prolonged 





BIRDS OF EASTERN MASSACHUSETTS. 117 


than those of the Marsh Wren. They had some difficulty 
in starting them from the long and somewhat close grass 
to which this species seems to confine itself. Several 
times Mr. Bell nearly trod on them before the birds would 
take to wing; and they almost invariably alighted again 
within a few feet and ran like mice through the grass. 
.... After a while, two were shot on the wing..... 
I have named this species in honor of my young friend, 
Spencer F. Baird, of Carlisle, Pennsylvania.” 

I think it more probable that the birds which occur at 
Ipswich are winter visitors from the north, than that they 
are stragglers from so great a distance as Nebraska. As 
might be expected, I heard no song-note at this season, but 
simply a short chirp of alarm. 

76. Passerculus savanna, Bon. — Savannah Spar- 
row. Common summer resident ; breeds abundantly along 
the coast, and sometimes in the interior. Have taken it 
from April 17th to November 12th. Frequents the fields 
and marshes. 

77. Pocecetes gramineus, Bairp.— Bay-winged Spar- 
row, “Grass Finch.” Abundant ; breeds in the fields every- 
where. Arrives from April 5th to 20th; leaves about the 
lst of November. 

78. Coturniculus passerinus, Bon. — Vellow-winged 
Sparrow. Not an uncommon summer resident; breeds 
regularly. Arrives the first or second week in May ; leaves 
early in September. Frequents dry sandy places, or pas- 
tures grown up to weeds. Very numerous on Nantucket 
Island, where it breeds abundantly. 

79. Coturniculus Henslowii, Bon. — Henslow’s 
Sparrow. Very rare summer resident. Took two males 
in a wet meadow on May 10, 1867. Song-note like the 
syllables ‘‘see-wick,” with the first prolongedly and the 
second quickly given. Said to breed. Mr. J. A. Allen in- 
forms me that the specimens that he has taken have been 


118 THE NATURALIST’S GUIDE. 


found in the same situation as the preceding species, 
namely, sandy fields. 

80. Gonotrichia leucophrys, Swain. — White-crowned 
Sparrow. Very rare migrant. Took a female on May 
27, 1869, in a swampy thicket by the roadside. I have 
heard of but few instances of its capture in this section. 

81. Zonotrichia albicollis, Bon. — White-throated — 
* Sparrow. Common during the migrations. Have taken 
it from April 27th until May 20th, and from about Sep- 
tember lst to October 19th. Frequents the low bushes 
and swampy thickets. 

82. Ammodromus maritimus, Swain. — Sea-side 
Finch. Said to occur commonly along the coast of our 
State, which statement I doubt, as I have searched care- 
fully for it from the mouth of the Merrimac River to the 
extreme south shore, and have yet to meet with a single 
living specimen ; neither does it occur on the Island of 
Nantucket to my knowledge. Dr. Coues says it is abun- 
dant in New Hampshire on the coast. It may rarely occur 
on our coast during the migrations. Mr. Brewster informs 
me that he has looked for it in vain at Rye Beach, New 
Hampshire. 

83. Ammodromus caudacutus, Swain. — Sharp- 
tailed Finch. Not common. I know of but one locality 
where this bird is to be found ; that is, on the salt marshes 
of Charles.River. I have taken it there in the latter part 
of June. It is difficult to procure, as it lies close, and has 
to be shot while on the wing. It instantly conceals itself 
in the grass when it alights. Mr. Brewster informs me 
that it breeds late, —the first week in July. Remains late. 
“Have taken it in the marshes of Charles River the last 
week in October.” * Since writing the above, I have found 
it quite common on the marshes at Ipswich during the last 
week in September, 1869. 


* J. A. Allen, “ Proceedings of the Essex Institute,” IV. 1864, p. 84. 


BIRDS OF EASTERN MASSACHUSETTS. 119 


84. Junco hyemalis, Scnater. — Snow-Bird. Com- 
mon winter visitant; abundant in spring and autumn. 
Have taken it from October 14th to May 20th. Found 
everywhere. 

85. Spizella monticola, Barrp. — Tree Sparrow. 
Common winter visitor ; more abundant in spring and au- 
tumn. Have taken it from November 2d to April 25th. 
Seen everywhere, and with the ea frequents cedar 
woods in winter. 

86. Spizella socialis, Bon. — Chipping Sparrow. 
Abundant summer resident. Found breeding everywhere. 
Arrives from April 10th to 21st; leaves about the middle 
of October. The most familiar and sociable of all our 
Sparrows, hopping about our doors, and even entering 
houses in search of food. 

87. Spizella pusilla, Boy. — Field Sparrow. Com- 
mon summer resident ; breeds on low bushes in high sandy 
places, and rocky fields grown up to bushes. Arrives from 
April 14th to 27th; found in flocks with the preceding in 
autumn, and departs at the same time. 

88. Melospiza melodia, Bairp.— Song Sparrow. 
Abundant summer resident. Comes earlier and remains 
later than any of the. summer Sparrows. Arrives from 
February 20th to March 18th; I have taken it on the 3d 
of December. Mr. Brewster informs me that he has taken 
it every month in the year; has even heard it sing in 
January. 

89. Melospiza palustris, Barrp.— Swamp Spar- 
row. Common summer resident. Frequents bushy swamps 
and marshes, and breeds in them. Arrives from March 
27th to April 14th; departs about the middle of Novem- 
ber. It is probable that Audubon was mistaken when 
he said that this bird was common 7 winter about Bos- 
ton. It has a peculiar, and not particularly pleasing, 
song during the breeding-season; but in autumn I have 


120 THE NATURALIST’S GUIDE. 


heard it sing with a low warbling note which was very 
pleasant. : 

90. Melospiza Lincolnii, Barrp. — Lincoln’s Sparrow. 
Very rare. Mr. 8. Jillson has taken it at Hudson on one 
or two occasions in spring. 

91. Passerella iliaca, Swain. — Fou-colored Sparrow. 
Common during the migrations. Have taken it in spring 
from March 14th to April 13th. While with us at this 
season it has a most pleasing song. Passes us in the 
autumn in October. 

92. Passer domestica, Lreacu. — Huropean House 
Sparrow. Introduced, but common already in localities ; 
will soon, without doubt, be generally distributed. 

93. Euspiza Americana, Bon. — Black-throated Bunt- 
eng. Very rare summer visitor, or straggler, from the 
south. My young friend, John Thaxter, shot a specimen 
June 26, 1867; it was a female, and, as I should judge, 
from the peculiar appearance of the ovaries and oviduct, 
had laid her eggs ; while the bare and swollen appearance 
of her breast seemed to indicate that she was incubating. 
Mr. Samuels speaks of two instances of its capture.* 

94. Guiraca Ludoviciana, Swarn. — Rose-breasted 
Grosbeak. Common summer resident. Breeds, nesting in 
trees and bushes. Arrives from May 8th to 22d; leaves 
early in September. Frequents open woods. 

The Blue Grosbeak (Guiraca coerulea, Swain.) perhaps 
rarely occurs; it has been taken in Calais, Maine, “ where 
it is very uncertain, but was common in the spring of 
1861.” F 

95. Cyanospiza cyanea, Bairpv. — Indigo-Bird. 
Common summer resident. Breeds, nesting in low bushes. 
Arrives from May 10th to 22d; in autumn found in flocks 

* “ Ornithology and Odlogy of New England,” p. 828. 
{+ G. A. Boardman, “ Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural His- 


tory,” IX. p. 127; J. A. Allen, “ Proceedings of the Essex Institute,” IV. 
1864, pp. 84, 85. 


BIRDS OF EASTERN MASSACHUSETTS. peal 


with other Sparrows. Frequents roadsides, high sandy 
fields, and rocky pastures. 

The Cardinal, “Red-Bird” (Cardinalis Virginianus, Bon.), 
according to Nuttall, occurs accidentally. I have never 
met with it in this section. 

96. Pipilo erythrophthalmus, Vien. — Towhee 
Bunting, “Ground Robin,” ‘Chewink.” Common sum- 
mer resident. Breeds commonly, nesting on the ground 
among low bushes, which it frequents. Arrives from April 
28th to May 10th ; leaves by the first week in October. 


ALAUDIDA, — Tue Larxs. 


97. Eremophila alpestris, Forsrer..— Shore Lark. 
_Common winter resident. Perhaps a few breed. Seen by 
Mr. W. Brewster, in July, 1869. Arrives early in the au- 
tumn. Have seen it in spring as late as April 25th. Fre- 
quents the ploughed fields, beaches, and marshes. Has the 
habit of hiding in holes or beside stones. 


ICTERID 2, — THE ORIOLES, STARLINGS, ETO. 


98. Dolichonyx oryzivorus, Swarn. — Bob-o-lnk, 
’ “Rice-Bird,” “ Reed-Bird.” Abundant summer resident. 
Breeds, nesting in the grass on the ground. Arrives from 
April 30th to May 12th. During the first of September 
it congregates in flocks of immense numbers upon the 
sea-shore; at this time both sexes are in the same plu- 
mage. It is then shot for the table. While migrating, 
it moves night and day; indeed, almost any clear night 
in August its metallic-like note may be heard high up in 
the air. 


99. Molothrus pecoris, Swain. — Cow-Bird, “ Cow- 
6 


- 


122 THE NATURALIST’S GUIDE. . 


Bunting.” Common summer resident. Arrives from 
April 6th to 19th; leaves by the last week in October. 
Deposits its eggs in the nests of other birds, — the only 
example of polygamy among undomesticated birds in 
North America. Gregarious throughout the year, but 
more so in autumn. Often seen around cows in pursuit 
of insects, sometimes alighting upon them; from this 
habit it derives its popular (Cow-Bunting) and specific 
(pecorts) names. . 

100. Agelzeus Phoeniceus, Vir. — Red-winged 
Blackbird, “Swamp Blackbird.” Common summer resident. 
Arrives from February 25th to March 10th; leaves by the 
last of October. Nests in the marshes, generally on a tus- 
sock ; sometimes in low bushes. I have found the nests 
on an island in the marshes of Essex River, placed on trees 
twenty feet from the ground! In one case, where the 
nest was placed on a slender sapling fourteen feet high, 
that swayed with the slightest breeze, the nest was con- 
structed after the manner of our Baltimore Orioles, pret- 
tily woven of the bleached sea-weed called eel-grass. So 
well constructed was this nest, and so much at variance 
with the usual style, that had it not been for the female | 
sitting on it, I should have taken it for a nest of Z Balt 
more. It was six inches deep. 

101. Xanthocephalus icterocephalus, Barrp. — 
Yellow-headed Blackbird. A single specimen was procured 
by my young friend, Frank Sanger, at Watertown, about 
the 15th of October, 1869. The wings, tail, and one foot 
of this specimen are now in my possession. Through the 
kindness of Mr. J. A. Allen, I have been enabled to com- 
pare them with specimens of the same species in the Mu- 
seum of Comparative Zodlogy, thereby identifying them. 
This bird was in immature plumage, evidently the young- 
of-the-year. It was shot in an orchard. The occurrence 
of this specimen in this section is singular, as its usual 


BIRDS OF EASTERN MASSACHUSETTS. 123 


habitat is in the West ; its range eastward being about the 
longitude of Chicago. 

102. Sturnella magna, Swain.— Meadow Lark, 
“Marsh Quail.” Resident ; common in summer, but few 
winter here. Breeds in old fields. Gregarious in autumn 


- and winter. 





103. Icterus Baltimore, Daupin. — Baltimore Oriole, 
“Golden Robin,” “ Fire Hang-Bird.” Very common sum- 
mer resident. Arrives from May 5th to 12th; leaves about 
the middle of September. Breeds, nesting generally on tall 
trees. I have heard a bird of this species that lived among 
the woods of the islands in Essex River, where man is 
seldom seen, sing with a louder, wilder note than usual, 
as if it was influenced by the surrounding wildness and 
its proximity to the sounding sea. This is the only bird 
that I have met with which will readily devour the tent 
caterpillar. 

104. Icterus spurius, Bon. — Orchard Oriole, “ Spu- 
rious Oriole.” Generally a rare summer resident, but 
quite common in the spring of 1865; I saw a few in 1866. 
Arrives about May 18th. Mr. Brewster says that he finds 
a pair or two breeding every season. 

105. Scolecophagus ferrugineus, Swain. — Rusty 
Grakie, “ Rusty Blackbird.” Common spring and autumn 
migrant. Arrives from March 8th to 30th, remains into 
_ April; arrives from the North the last week in Septem- 
ber, remaining into November. Very unsuspicious, and fre- 
quents the bushes by the side of water. Generally seen in 
small flocks, sometimes in company with the succeeding 
species. 

106. Quiscalus versicolor, ViziLtL. — Purple Grakle, 
“Crow Blackbird.” Common summer resident. Arrives 
from March Ist to 20th; remains into November. Breeds 
in communities, generally nesting in tall trees; but I have 
found its nest on the islands in the Essex River, on bushes 


124 THE NATURALIST’S GUIDE. 


six feet high. Other nests on the same islands. were 
placed in trees, from twenty to forty feet from the ground. 


CORVIDA, — THE Crows. 


107. Cyanura cristata, Swain. — Blue Jay. Com- 
mon resident. Nests in trees. Is a general nuisance ; 
destroys the young and eggs of small birds; visits the 
cornfields of the farmer in autumn, and carries away great 
quantities of corn. Gregarious throughout the year, ex- 
cept during the breeding-season. 

108. Corvus Americanus, Aup. — Crow. Common 
resident. Nests in trees. Appears on the sea-shore in 
great numbers during the early winter, and continues until 
spring, feeding upon the refuse left by the tide upon the 
marshes. These winter visitors are said to be “ Eastern 
Crows,” or crows from Maine and the British Provinces. 


TYRANNIDA, —TuHe Tyrant FLYCATCHER. 


109. Tyrannus Carolinensis, Barrp. — King-Bird, 
‘Bee Martin.” —Common summer resident. Breeds, nest- 
ing on trees, generally in an orchard. Arrives from May 
6th to 15th; leaves about the middle of peat Fre- 
quents open ‘fields and orchards. 

110. Tyrannus Dominicensis,— Ricu. Gray King- 
Bird. An immature specimen was taken by Mr. Charles 
Goodall, at Lynn, on October 23, 1868. The bird is 
now in the possession of Mr. N. Vickery. It was shot upon 
a tree near the roadside. The occurrence of this specimen 
is a striking illustration of the straggling habits of some in- 
dividuals among birds, its usual habitat being Florida and 
the West Indies. 


'- BIRDS OF EASTERN MASSACHUSETTS. 125 


111. Myiarchus crinitus, Cas. — Great Crested Fly- 
catcher. Very rare summer resident. Have taken it on 
May 9th and 15th. Said to breed. Frequents the open 
woods. | 

112. Sayornis fuscus, Batrp. — Phebe, Pewee. Com- 
mon summer resident. Arrives from March 25th to April 
12th. Have taken it as late as October 9th. Nests in 
barns, under bridges, and under some projecting rock of a 
ledge; in the spring it may be found-in the neighborhood 
of these localities, but it occurs everywhere in autumn. 
Although a strictly insectivorous bird, yet, when compelled 
by hunger, it can be granivorous; during a violent snow- 
storm, April 2, 1868, I shot one whose stomach was com- 
pletely filled with the seeds of the berries of the hawthorn 
(Crateegus oxycantha). 

113. Contopus borealis, Barrp. — Olive-sided Fly- 
catcher. Not a very rare summer resident. Breeds. “ Nests 
generally in the fork of a pine-tree; the only nest that I 
ever found that was not placed in this situation was on the 
outer limb of an apple-tree.”* Frequents the open wood. 
Arrives from May 12th to 24th; leaves early in Sep- 
tember. ; 

114. Contopus virens, Cas. — Wood Pewee. Com- 
mon summer resident. Arrives from May 19th to 28th; 
leaves early in September. Breeds. The nest is composed 
of moss, and is placed on the top of some high limb, and 
resembles a protuberance upon it; for this reason it is 
not easily detected. Frequents open woods. 

If the Acadian Flycatcher (Hmpidonax Acadicus, Baird) 
is found in eastern Massachusetts, I have yet to meet with 
it. I think that this and the following are often confounded 
by collectors, perhaps with good reason. 

115. Empidonax Traillii, Barro. — 7raill’s Fly- 
catcher. Rare in spring; said to breed, however. I have 


* MS. Notes of W. Brewster. 


126 THE NATURALIST’S GUIDE. 


met with it but once,—on June 1, 1869, in .a swampy 
thicket ; it was very shy. I heard no note. 

116. Empidonax minimus, Barirp.—TLeast Fly- 
catcher. Common summer resident. Breeds. Arrives from 
April 22d to May 5th ; leaves about the middle of Septem- 
ber. Seen everywhere. Specimens differ in the intensity 
of the olivaceous green upon the back; those which are 
found in the woods are much darker than those which in- 
habit the orchards or straggling trees, these being often 
quite gray. They are also exceedingly variable in size. 

117. Empidonax flaviventris, Bairp.—Yellow-bel- 
lied Flycatcher. On May 31, 1869, I shot the first speci- 
men I had ever seen living; the next day (June Ist) I 
took eight of both sexes in a few hours! Between this 
time and the 10th I took two or three more. I do not 
doubt that it has occurred in previous seasons, but, being 
unaccustomed to its low note,—which is like the syl- 
lable Pea very plaintively and prolongedly given, — and 
its retiring habits, I had not detected it before. The 
specimens captured were all, with the exception of the 
first, — which was shot on a tall oak, — taken in low, 
swampy thickets. It keeps near the ground, is rather shy, 
and upon the appearance of the intruder instantly ceases 
its song. ‘‘Shot a specimen on May 25, 1869, in Water- 
town, singing, with its peculiar note, 7m an apple-tree. I 
have shot the female singing in the same manner, in Au- 
gust, 1867, in Franconia, New Hampshire. The only note 
I ever heard was the low Pea.” * | 

I have yet to hear the “pleasing song” attributed to 
this species and other members of the genus. I think 
that the anatomical structure of the throat and larynx is 
not of the complicated character seen in singing-birds ; and 
therefore consider it a physical impossibility for members 
of this genus to produce a vartety of melodious notes. 


* MS. Notes of W. Brewster. 





BIRDS OF EASTERN MASSACHUSETTS, 127 


ALCEDINIDA, — Tue Kinerisuers. 


118. Ceryle alcyon, Borr.— Belted Kingfisher. Com- 
mon summer resident. Breeds. Frequents the neighbor- 
hood of streams and ponds. Arrives from March 21st to 
April 11th; remains into November; but I never have 
seen it in winter, at which time it may rarely occur. 


CAPRIMULGIDA, — Tue Goatsuckers. 


119. Antrostomus vociferus, Bor. — Whippoor- 
will. Common in the wild districts, where its rapid but in- 
describably mournful notes may be heard in the evening 
twilight. It also sings in the early dawn. Arrives from 
May 19th to 24th. Breeds, nesting on the ground. 

120. Chordeiles popetue, Batrv. — Night-Hawk. 
“Bull Bat.” Common summer resident. Breeds, nest- 
ing on the ground. Arrives from April 7th to May 23d. 
Much more diurnal in its habits than the preceding, often 
seen flying about at midday. By the latter part of August 
it migrates in large, straggling flocks, moving day and 
night. While at rest in the daytime, it usually sits lon- 
-gitudinally upon a large limb of a tree ; the peculiar struct- 
ure of its feet rendering it impossible for it to clasp the 
limb and sit transversely, as is usual with other birds. 


CYPSELID®, — Tue Swirts. 


121. Cheetura pelasgia, Step. — Chimney Suvft, 
“Chimney Swallow.” Abundant summer resident. Breeds, 
nesting in unused flues in chimneys. Arrives from May 
Ist to 11th; have seen it as late as September 14th. 


128 THE NATURALIST’S GUIDE. 


TROCHILIDA, — Tue Hummrnc-Birps. 


122. Trochilus colubris, Livy. — Ruby-throated 
Humming-Bird. Common summer resident. Breeds, nest- 
ing in trees, Arrives about the second week in May ; 
have seen it as late as the 23d of September. 

123. Argytira maculata, Cas. and HeEmns.— Lin- 
neeus’s Hmerald, A single specimen of this beautiful little 
bird was captured by Mr. William Brewster, at Cambridge, 
in August, 1864; it was moulting, and apparently a fe- 
male. How this little stranger should have come so far 
from its usual habitat, which is northern South America, 
is a mystery, and an event unheard of before. It certainly 
could not have been caged, and in ¢hat manner brought 
here, as it would not survive the passage. 

I have carefully examined into the history of this speci- 
men, and there seems no reason to doubt its being captured 
in Cambridge. 


CUCULIDA, — Tue Cuckoos. 


124. Coccygus Americanus, Bon. — Yellow-billed 
Cuckoo. Irregular in its visits ; during the summer of 1866 
it was very numerous, while the following species was 
rare; since then this has been rare, while the other is 
common. Arrives from May 18th to 23d. Frequents the 
woods and orchards. 

125. Coccygus erythrophthalmus, Boy. — Black- 
billed Cuckoo. Rather common. (See remarks under C. 
Americanus.) Frequents the woods and orchards. The 
note of this species is not perhaps as harsh as the other. 
They are both inveterate destroyers of birds’ eggs. They 
frequently sing at night. Both depart early in September. 


BIRDS OF EASTERN MASSACHUSETTS. 129 


PICIDA, — THe WoopDPEcKERS. 


126. Picus villosus, Linn. — Hairy Woodpecker. Resi- 
dent ; but not common in winter, and rare in summer. I 
am confident that the specimens of this and the follow- 
ing species seen in winter do not come from the far north, 
or even from northern Maine and New Hampshire, for this 
reason: specimens shot in the sections’ above mentioned 
have the white terminal portion of the tail stained by the 
bark of the hemlock and other evergreen trees, upon which 
they climb in search of food, with an idelible, bright 
rufous or ochre color; this color is never seen on speci- 
mens taken here, even during severe winters. They must 
be resident individually by this infallible proof. 

127. Picus pubescens, Linn. — Downy Woodpecker. 
Resident. Abundant throughout the winter, not uncom- 
mon in summer. 

128. Picoides arcticus, Gray. — Black-backed Three- 
toed Woodpecker. Exceedingly rare winter visitor. There 
are a male and female in the museum of the Peabody 
Academy of Science, at Salem, taken on November 21, 
1855, in Essex County, by 8. Jillson. 

129. Picoides hirsutus, Gray.— Banded Three-toed 
Woodpecker. Exceedingly rare winter visitor. Mr. Allen 
informs me that Mr. G. O. Welch took a pair in Lynn. 

130. Sphyrapicus varius, Barmrp. — Yellow-bellied 
Woodpecker. Not common during the migrations. [re- 
quents open woods. ‘I do not think it breeds. 

131. Melanerpes erythrocephalus, Swain. — fed- 
headed Woodpecker. Exceedingly rare summer visitor, per- 
haps accidental. I have never seen it living. A male 
taken by 8. Jillson, in Essex County, in 1855. One seen 
by Mr. W. Brewster, in summer, at Waltham. 


132. Colaptes auratus, Swain. — Golden-winged Wood- 
6* I 


130 THE NATURALIST’S GUIDE. 


pecker, “‘ Pigeon Woodpecker,” “ Yellow-Hammer,” ‘‘ Wood- 
wall,” “Flicker,” “Sucker,” ‘‘ High-holder,” ‘ Wake-up.” 
Common resident. Breeds, nesting in holes in trees. Ar- 
rives early, about the 1st of April; remains until October 
30th. A few remain all winter in the thick cedar woods. 
Frequents open woods and orchards; in autumn is seen in 
cornfields, at which season it is partly gregarious, but it is 
always a sociable bird, preferring the company of its spe- 
cies to solitude. Generally feeds upon ants or their larvee 
and eggs. 


STRIGIDA, — THE Ow s. 


133. Strix pratincola, Boy. — Barn Owl. Mr. Vick- 
ery informs me that he mounted a specimen that was 
taken in Lynn during the autumn of 1865. This is the 
first authentic instance of its capture in this section. Mr. 
Allen also informs me that it has been taken at Spring- 
field. : 

134. Otus Wilsonianus, Aup.— Long-cared Owl. Ra- 
ther common resident in this section. Breeds. Frequents 
dark swamps and thick evergreen woods. This and the 
following species are almost entirely destitute of sight dur- 
ing the brighter light of day. 

135. Brachyotus Cassinii, Brew.—Short-eared Oul. 
Common resident. Breeds. Frequents low bushes along 
the sea-shore in the daytime ; starts up suddenly when ap- 
proached, flies a short distance in a dazed, irregular man- 
ner, and then alights. Also frequents cedar woods. More | 
common on the sea-shore than in the interior. 

136. Syrnium cinereum, Avup. — Great Gray Owl. 
Rare winter visitor. Two specimens in the museum of 
the Peabody Academy of Science, — one taken during the 
winter of 1866-67, by F. W. Putnam, in Salem ; another, 
by James Bartlett, in Wenham, in February, 1859. 


BIRDS OF EASTERN MASSACHUSETTS. 13t 


137. Syrnium nebulosum, Gray. — Barred Oul. 
Common resident. Frequents the thick woods every- 
where. May be approached closely on a bright day, as 
it is then almost deprived of sight. 

138. Bubo Virginianus, Bon. — Great Horned Owl. 
Rather common resident. Frequents the thick woods. 
Sees well in the daylight, and is difficult to approach. 

139. Seops asio, Mottled Owl, “Red Owl,” “Screech 
Owl.” Common resident; nests in holes in trees. Very 
variable in plumage, on which account many have sup- 
posed there were two species. Mr. W. Brewster records 
in the August number of the American Naturalist, 1869, 
an instance of the young of a red mother being red and 
gray; the red one being quite rufous, even when in the down, 
and perceptibly different from the other. My young friend, 
Frank Sanger, has also two young, both from the same 
nest, one of which is red and the other gray ; there was no 
difference in plumage, however, when they were both in the 
down, Out of eight young which have fallen into my hands, 
not one has been red. I have also a specimen in my posses- 
sion, which I shot at Jullington, on the St. John’s River in 
Florida, which exactly divides these stages, or possesses both 
colors so nicely blended and mixed that it is impossible to 
decide which predominates. These cases alone prove that 
we must look for other characters on which to base our 
specific claims than merely the red and gray stages of 
plumage. Throwing aside the claims that the red and 
gray stages present as separate specific distinctions, is 
there any rule that we can fix for this change of plu- 
mage? I think not; further than the supposition — which 
I have not yet seen proven — that perfectly mature birds 
may all agree in color. But while under one year old 
the gray seems to be the normal stage, and the red the 
unusual stage. Out of twenty young-of-the-year speci- . 
mens of this species that have come under my personal 


132 THE NATURALIST’S GUIDE. 


observation, I have seen but three in the red plumage. 
On the other hand, among more mature birds, I have, | 
out of perhaps forty specimens personally examined, found 
but four or five in the gray! Mr. Allen informs me that 
although such formerly was his experience, latterly he has 
met with many more gray than red birds. By these evi- 
dences I have become fully convinced that in the earlier 
stages — perhaps to the third year—the coloration of 
the plumage of Scops aszo is exceedingly variable as a 
species and somewhat individually, but in this last re- 
spect it is more constant. The only doubt that now re- 
mains is, Do birds of a certain age or period all assume 
some particular plumage as a final one? I am now inclined 
to think they do. Perhaps the final stage is gray; but 
_ this, as I said before, yet remains to be proven. It seems 
to be an imperative law of nature for birds, —no matter 
how variable and inconstant their plumages in earlier 
stages may have been, —at some age or period to as- 
sume a final one, with the specific characters variable in 
a comparatively small degree, as heretofore pointed out. 

This inconstancy of plumage is also illustrated in the 
young of the Cedar-Bird (Ampelis cedrorum) ; mature speci- 
mens of this species always have the peculiar, sealing-wax- 
like, horny expansions .of the shaft of the feathers on the 
tips of the secondaries, and sometimes on the tips of the 
tail-feathers. In the younger stages many are destitute 
of them. I have, however, detected it upon the second- 
aries, and even upon the tails, of birds in the nesting plu- 
mage. | 

With these facts to guide us, we can but adopt the 
above hypothesis relative to the final assumption of some — 
particular plumage by Scops aszo, until it has been proven 
that this is an exception to the governing and heretofore 
unchanging law of nature. 

This bird sees as well in the daytime as in the night. 


BIRDS OF EASTERN MASSACHUSETTS. 133 


Tt is easily tamed, and may be allowed to go and come 
at will, without fear of its taking its departure. I have 
one in my possession that returns to rest in the daytime, 
either in a building or on the trees near it, where I feed 
him daily. 

140. Nyctale Acadica, Bon. — Acadian Owl. Rare 
resident ; perhaps less so in winter. In September, 1867, 
while encamped for the night upon the banks of Popalatic 
Pond, in Medway, Massachusetts, I heard the peculiar 
rasping notes of this species. There were several. Evi- 
dently attracted by the light of our camp-fire, they came 
directly overhead, alighting on the tall poplar-trees; but as 
they remained in the impenetrable gloom that always sur- 
rounds one who is by a fire, especially in the woods in the 
open air at night, we were unable to secure a specimen. 

141. Nyctale Richardsonii, Bon.— Richardson’s 
Owl. Very rare. Mr. William Brewster has a fine speci- 
men in his cabinet, taken at Mount Auburn, in December, 
1865. “A specimen in the Museum of Comparative Zo- 
dlogy, Cambridge, taken at Malden.” * 

142. Nyctea nivea, Gray. — Snowy Owl. Not un- 
common on the coast ; rare in the interior during winter. 
Sees very well in the daytime ; is shy, and difficult to ap- 

proach. . 
143. Surnia ulula, Boy.— Hawk Oul. Very rare 
winter visitor. I have seen it but once. 


FALCONIDA, — Tue Eacues, Fatcons, anD Hawks. 


144. Aquila Canadensis, Cass. — (‘olden Lagle. 
_“ Ring-tailed Eagle.” Perhaps rarely occurs as a transient 
visitor. A specimen in the museum of the Peabody Acad- 
emy of Science, at Salem, labelled ‘“ Essex Co.” Mr. Allen 


* J. A. Allen, “ Proceedings of the Essex Institute,’ IV. 1864, p. 52. 


134 THE NATURALIST’S GUIDE. 


says it has been taken at “ Lexington, near Boston, and 
at Upton, in 1849.” No record of its very recent cap- 
ture, however, in this section. I have never met with it. 

145. Haliaetus leucocephalus, Savic. — White- 
headed Eagle, “ Bald Eagle.” Not uncommon on the 
sea-shore. I do not think it breeds now, but it did twenty- 
five or thirty years ago. | 

146. Pandion Carolinensis, Boy. — /ish-Hawk. Not 
a common summer resident, growing less so every year. 
Perhaps a few breed in the interior, but it is doubtful. 

147. Falco anatum, Bon. — American Penguin Fal- 
con, “Duck Hawk,” “ Great-footed Hawk.” Rare visitor. 
I do not think it breeds; no instance on record of its 
doing so in this section. This species seems to prefer the 
more mountainous regions, especially during the breeding- 
season. | 

148. Falco sacer, Forster. —Jerfalcon, ‘‘ White 
Hawk.” Very rare during winter, perhaps accidental. I 
have seen this species but once, — November 4, 1868, — 
flying high above the snow-topped mountains of New 
Hampshire, steering northward over the unbroken forests, 
—even thus early in the season covered with snow, and 
almost a solitude, — deserted by nearly all of the feathered 
tribe. ¢ 

149. Falco columbarius, Gu.— Pigeon Hawk. Not 
an uncommon resident. I think it breeds, as I have a 
specimen taken during the breeding-season, with all the 
evidences of its incubating. Perhaps more uncommon dur- 
ing winter. 

150. Falco sparverius, Linn. — Sparrow Hawk. Not 
a very common resident. Breeds. 

151. Astur atricapillus, Bon. — Goshawk, “ Part- 
ridge Hawk,” ‘ Blue Hawk.” . Not uncommon in winter. 
Some few undoubtedly breed. A pair remained in Wes- 
ton, near a heavily wooded district, during the breeding. 


~ 


BIRDS OF EASTERN MASSACHUSETTS. Too 


season (1868); they evidently had a nest in the immedi- 
ate vicinity. I have seen specimens taken in Massachu- 
setts in full plumage quite frequently. 

152. Accipiter Cooperii, Bon. — Cooper’s Hawk. One 
of the most common Hawks, called everywhere “Chicken 
Hawk.” Summer resident. I do not think any remain 
during winter. Breeds, nesting in trees. 

153. Accipiter fuscus, Bon. — Sharp-shinned. Hawk, 
“ Pigeon Hawk.” Common summer resident. Breeds. 

154. Buteo borealis, Vieii1.— Red-tailed Buzzard, 
“Red-tailed Hawk.” Common resident; exceedingly trouble- 
some to farmers. This and BZ. lineatus are the well-known 
and formidable “ Hen-Hawks.” Nests in tall trees. 

_ 155. Buteo lineatus, Jar. — Red-shouldered Buzzard, 

““Red-shouldered Hawk,” “Hen Hawk.” Common resi- 
dent ; usually more abundant in this immediate locality in 
winter than during any other season. Breeds, nesting in 
tall trees, generally in swampy places. 

The following is a description of a Hawk of this species 
which is remarkably light-colored. This specimen is so 
different from others of the same species that it was at 
first supposed to be the Buteo Cooperii, Cass., and was men- 
tioned as such by Mr. J. A. Allen.* This specimen is also 

much larger than the average, as will be seen by the table 
of measurements, and was evidently an immature bird, 
which corroborates the rule given in the Introduction (p. 
84) relative to birds decreasing in size with age. 


Description of a light-colored specimen of B. lineatus.t 


Bill not very large, slightly lobed on the upper man- 
dible ; color, dark brown. Upper parts dark brown, with 
each feather spotted and barred irregularly with white and 
pale rufous, the latter colors predominating on the head 


* “ American Naturalist,” III. p. 519. 
7 Taken from a mounted specimen. 


135 THE NATURALISI’S GUIDE. 


and rump. Quills also dark brown, irregularly barred, and 
edged with rufous. Tail, on the upper parts, brown, lighter 
beneath, tipped with dirty white, and with about twelve ir- 
regular transverse bars of pale rufous, white at base above 
and below. Under parts generally, with the exception of 
the under wing-coverts, — which are rufous — and the tips 
of the quills — which are dark brown, — pale buff, becom- 
ing almost white on the under tail-coverts, with a few 
scattering sagittate and cordate spots of reddish brown on 
the breast and sides. Stripes running from the gape down 
the side of the neck, and a narrow one on the chin and 
upper part of the throat brown. There is a pale buff 
superciliary stripe. Lores dusky mixed with white ; tibie 
pale rufous, wnspotted ; tarsi long and slender, entirely 
naked behind, feathered down about an inch in front. 
There are thirteen transverse scales in front, and sixteen 
behind. The scales end abruptly in front and behind, on 
the lower part of the tarsi, also on the upper part in front; 
but behind they run greatly into smaller quinquangular 
scales ; feet not very strong; claws much curved, and 
proportionate to the size of the feet. 


Measurement of B. lineatus. 











E : 
Ss ; B 
Sa ee he 3 
a se} ae o | 
: f| 2] oie 
Locality. | Date. | 8 2 ze 3 
3 °o — o EB 
aia ; | | 
a n 0) ® 
gen eo Oe Sl iyo | ty ie 
aie) 8 | eta) 8. sae 
mw jm! & } & | @ ] B |] eee 
1866. | 
0.95 
{ 


Cambridge | Nov. 17 | 22.00 | — | 14.75 | 9.50 | 0.90 | 2.75 | 1.90 0.76 | 2.10 


The specimen was shot among a thick growth of small 
pines, beeches, etc., in a swampy place. 


BIRDS OF EASTERN MASSACHUSETTS. Ly, 


156. Buteo Pennsylvanicus, Bon. — Broad-winged 
Buzzard, “ Broad-winged Hawk,” “ Hen-Hawk.” Not very 
common. I have never seen it in winter. Perhaps breeds. 

157. Archibuteo lagopus, Gray. — Rough-legged 
Hawk. Rare winter visitor. Rather sluggish in its habits. 

158. Archibuteo SanctiJohannis, Gray. — Black 
Hawk., A magnificent specimen of this handsome Hawk 
was sent to me by Mr. J. F. Le Baron, of Ipswich; it 
was killed while flying over the marshes. This is the 
only instance that I can record of its capture in this sec- 
tion. 

159. Circus Hudsonicus, Visiww.— Varsh Hawk. 
Common summer resident. Breeds, nesting on the ground. 

160. Cathartes aura, [Luic. — Turkey Vulture, “ Tur- 
key Buzzard.” Accidental. ‘Two specimens shot in the 
State in 1863.” A gentleman who is perfectly familiar 
' with the appearance of this bird informs me that he saw a 
Specimen flying over the meadows at Waltham in August, 
1867. 

161. Cathartes atratus, Lus.— Black Vulture, “Black- 
headed Buzzard.” Accidental. “One was obtained at 
Swampscott, in November, 1850. Another was taken 
the past season (September 28), at Gloucester, by Mr. 

William Huntsford.” * 


COLUMBID, — Tue Picrons. 


162. Ectopistes migratorius, Swain.— Wild Pigeon. 
Still common in localities, but growing less so every year. 
Generally seen in autumn; but a few winter. 

163. Zenzedura Carolinensis, Bon. — Dove, “ Tur- 
tle Dove,” “Carolina Dove.” Not uncommon. Breeds 
commonly at Cape Cod, early in the season. 


* J. A. Allen, “ Proceedings of the Essex Institute,” IV. 1864, p. 81. 


138 THE NATURALISI’S GUIDE. 


TETRAONIDA, — Tue Grouse. 


164. Tetrao Canadensis, Linn. — Spruce Partridge. 
Accidental. ‘ Found in the hemlock woods of Gloucester, 
in September, 1851.” * 

165. Bonasa umbellus, Sreru.— Ruffed Grouse, 
“ Partridge.” Common in the wilder sections; but from 
the persecutions of sportsmen rapidly becoming extinct. 
In localities where ten or fifteen years ago they were abun- 
dant not one can be found to-day. Nests on the ground 
in moist woods. 

166. Cupidonia cupido, Bairp. — Pinnated Grouse, 
“Prairie Hen.” Said once to have been common in Massa- 
chusetts, but now has become extinct on the main-land ; 
still may be found in small numbers on the islands of 
Martha’s Vineyard and Naushon. 


PERDICIDA, — Toe PartRIDGEs. 


167. Ortyx virginiana, Bon.—Quaz/. Resident ; com- 
mon in localities, but rapidly becoming extinct. Breeds, 
nesting on the ground. 


CHARADRIIDA, — Tut Provers. 


168. Charadrius Virginicus, Borcx.— Golden Plover, — 
“Green Plover,” ‘Three-toed Plover,” ‘“ Black-back,” 
“ Pale-bellied Plover,” ‘“ Frost-Bird.” Common spring and 
autumn migrant. Frequents the hills near the sea-shore. 

169. Z&igialitis vociferus, Cass. — Kzlldeer Plover. 
Rather rare summer resident. Said to have been common 
years ago in localities. 


* §. Jillson, ‘ Proceedings of the Essex Institute,” I. p. 224. 


BIRDS OF EASTERN MASSACHUSETTS. 139 


170. Aégialitis semipalmatus, Cas. — Ring Plover. 
“ Ring-Neck,” ‘“ Ox-eye.” Abundant on the shore during 
the migrations. 

171. AGgialitis melodus, Cas. — Piping Plover, 
“ Ring-Neck.” Common summer resident. Breeds abun- 
dantly in June on the sandy shores. 
_ The Wilson’s Plover, “ Ring-Neck” (Zgialit’s Wilsonius, 
Cass.). Said to occur; I have yet to meet with it. 

172. Squatarola helvetica, Cuvinr. — Black-bellied 
Plover, ‘“ Beetle-head,” “ Bull-head.” Generally abundant 
during the migrations, but sometimes not even common. 


HAMATOPODIDA, — Oyster-Catcuers. 


173. Hzematopus palliatus, Temm.— Oyster-Catcher. 
Accidental ; but one or two instances of its capture on 
record. 

174. Strepsilas interpres, ILL1ic. — Z'urnstone, “Chick- 
en Bird,” ‘“ Red-legged Plover,” ‘ Black-heart,” ‘ Brant- 
Bird.” Rather common on the coast during the migrations. 
Frequents rocky shores. 


SCOLOPACIDA, — THE SNIpEs. 


175. Philohela minor, Linn. — Woodcock. Common 
summer resident. Arrives early in April. Breeds, nesting 
on the ground. | | 

176. Gallinago Wilsonii, Bon. — Snipe, “English 
Snipe.” Common during the migrations. Arrives early 
in April; by November 30th they have all passed Massa- 
chusetts on their southern migrations. 

177. Macrorhamphus griseus, Leacu.— Red-breasted 
Snipe, “ Robin Snipe,” “ Brown-back,” ‘‘ Dowitcher.” * Not 
uncommon during the migrations. 


140 THE NATURALIST’S GUIDE. 


178. Calidris arenaria, [Ltic. — Sanderling, “Shore- 
Bird,” “ Beach-Bird.” Abundant on the sandy shores and 
beaches during the migrations. 

179. Tringa canutus, Linn. — Knot, “ Gray-back.” 
Common spring and autumn migrant. 

180. Arquatella maritima, Bairp.— Purple Sand- 
piper, “Rock Snipe.” Never very common. Found on 
the coast during spring and autumn. 

181. Ancylocheilus subarquatus, Kaur. — Curlew 
Sandpiper. — Accidental, or very rare. A few specimens 
taken on our coast. 

182. Pelidna Americana, Cours. — American Dunln, 
“ Red-back.” Abundant spring and autumn migrant. Have 
taken it late in November. I do not think it winters. 

On June 18, 1868, I saw and shot several specimens of 
this Sandpiper about the fresh-water ponds on Ipswich 
beach ; they were fat, and, upon dissecting, the females 
did not exhibit any signs of breeding ; they were evidently 
the young of the preceding year. 

183. Actodromas maculata, Cass. — Pectoral Sand- 
piper, ‘“Jacksnipe,” “Grass Bird,” “ Fat-Bird.” Common 
during the migrations. requents the marshes. 

.184. Actodromas minutilla, Couns. — Least Sand- 
piper, “Peep.” Abundant during the migrations. 

185. Actodromas Bonapartii, Cass. — Bonaparte’s 
Sandpiper, ‘‘White-rumped Sandpiper,” ‘“ Grass- Bird.” 
Abundant during the migrations. -Frequents the marshes. 

186. Breunetes pusillus, Cass. — Semipalmated Sand- 
piper, “Peep.” Abundant during the migrations. June 18, 
1868, they were found in company with P. Americana, at 
Ipswich, and were in the same condition. 

187. Micropalama himantopus, Batrp. — Stilt 
Sandpiper. Very rare. <A single specimen captured in au- 
tumn by Mr. W. Brewster, at Rye Beach, New Hampshire.* 


* Mr. Brewster informs me that he took another at the same place 
in the last week in August, 1869. 


BIRDS OF EASTERN MASSACHUSETTS. 141 


188. Symphemia semipalmata, Harri. — Willet, 
“Stone Curlew,” “ Humility.” Rather rare summer resi- 
dent. requents sandy shores. Has a loud note of 
alarm, which startles every bird on the shore within hear- 
ing. I have seen large numbers of this species perched on 
dead mangrove-trees in Florida. 

189. Gambetta melanoleuca, Bon. — 7Zeiiltale, 
“Stone Snipe,” ‘ Winter Yellow-Legs,” “Greater Tatler.” 
Common during the migrations. Arrives from the north 
early in August. 

190. Gambetta flavipes, Bon. — Yellow-Legs, “Sum- 
mer Yellow-Legs,” ‘‘ Lesser Tatler.” Summer resident ; 
common during the migrations. I have seen it at Ips- 
wich on the marshes throughout the summer. Perhaps 
breeds. 

191. Rhyacophilus solitarius, Batrp. — Solitary 
Sandpiper, “Steelyard Bird.” Not very common during 
the migrations. Remains late in the autumn. On October 
31, 1869, when the ponds were partly frozen over, I shot 
a specimen in Errol, New Hampshire; it was much emaci- 
ated, but apparently well and lively. Although the birds 
have been seen in summer, yet no case of their actually 
breeding is recorded ; probably this is a case parallel with 
those quoted above (P. Americana and E. pusillus). 

_ 192. Tringoides macularius, Boy. — Spotted Sand- 
piper, “ Tip-up,” “ Teter-tail.”’ Common summer resident 
both on the shore and in the interior. Arrives from May 
Ist to 8th ; leaves in September. Breeds, nesting, in the 
interior, on the edge of a rye-field, or near ploughed land ; 
on the coast, in the sand or among the rocks. 

193. Actiturus Bartramius, Bon. — Bartram’s Sand- 
piper, ‘Field Plover,” “Hill-Bird,” ‘Upland Plover,” 
“Gray Plover.” Not an uncommon summer resident ; 
quite common. during the migrations. Frequents the dry 
fields, where it breeds. Arrives about the last of April. 


142 THE NATURALIST’S GUIDE. 


194. Tryngites rufescens, Cas.— Buf-breasted Sand- 
piper, ‘ Little Plover.” Rare spring and autumn migrant ; 
found on the sandy shores. | 

195. Limosa fedoa, Orv. — Marbled Godwit, “ Brant- 
Bird,” ‘‘ Badger-Bird.” Rare during the migrations. Mr. 
H. B. Farley informs me that he shot a specimen at 
Ipswich on July 17, 1869. Winters in large numbers in 
Florida, and I was assured, upon good authority, that it 
remained during the summer, but the nest has never been 
found! How they propagated was a mystery to those un- 
acquainted with its northern migration. 

196. Limosa Hudsonica, Swain. — Hudsonian God- 
wit, “ Goose-Bird,” “ Black-tail,” “ eae Very rare 
during the migrations. 

197. Numenius longirostris, Wis. — Long-billed 
Curlew, “ Sickle-bill.” Not uncommon during the migrar 
tions, but very shy ; but few shot on this account. 

198. Numenius Hudsonicus, Lary. — Hudsonian 
Curlew, ‘‘ Dough-Bird,” “Jack Curlew.” Very rare on the 
migrations. 

199. Numenius borealis, Lata. — Lsquimaux Cur- 
lew, “Flute.” Not uncommon during the migrations. The 
“ Dough-Bird” of gunners. Very fat in autumn. | 


PHALAROPODIDA, — THE PHALAROPES. 


200. Steganopus Wilsonii, Couns. — Wilson's Pha- 
larope. Accidental on the coast. Audubon appears to be 
the only one who records it from this section. ye 

201. Phalaropus fulioarius, Bon. — Red Phalarope. 
Occasional during the migrations along the coast. 

202. Lobipes hyperboreus, Cuv. — Northern Phala- 
rope. Not common during the migrations. 

While migrating, the Phalaropes generally keep off the 
coast. 


BIRDS OF EASTERN MASSACHUSETTS. 143 


RECURVIROSTRIDA, — Tue Avosets anp STILTs. 


The American Avoset (Recurvirostra Americana, Gm.) 
may perhaps occur; no well-authenticated instance of its 
capture in the State is on record. 

203. Himantopus nigricollis, Virm1..—Black-necked 
Stet, “ Lawyer.” Occasionally seen along the sandy beaches. 

Of this fact I am assured by gunners and others, who 
have noticed it on account of its peculiarities, and ironi- 
cally named it ‘“ Humility.” 


ARDEID#, — Tur Herons. 


204. Ardea herodias, Linn. — Great Blue Heron, 
“Crane.” Common summer resident. Probably breeds. 

205. Eterodias egretta, Gray. — Great White Kgret. 
Accidental. Two specimens in the Museum of Compara- 
tive Zodlogy, taken at or near Hudson, by Mr. S. Jillson, 
in the autumn of 1867; one or two other instances on 
record of its capture in this section. 

A magnificent mature specimen isin the fine collection 
of Mr. N. Vickery, which was shot at Lynn, near the rail- 
road station. 

206. Garzetta candidissima, Boy. — Snowy Heron, 
or Little White Hgret. Entirely accidental. ‘Have seen 
one that was killed near Boston in 1862.”* One other 
instance of its capture is on record. This and the preced- 
ing are stragglers from the south. 

207. Florida czerulea, Bairp. — Little Blue Heron. 
Rare summer visitor. I have met with it but twice in 
this section. A few other instances of its capture are on 
record, 


* J. A. Allen, “ Proceedings of the Essex Institute,” IV 1864. p. 86. 


144. - THE NATURALIST’S GUIDE. ; 


208. Ardetta exilis, Gray. — Lcast Bittern. Very 
rare in summer. Mr. William Brewster has a specimen in 
his cabinet, taken on the Fresh Pond marshes in Belmont, 
August 11, 1868. 

209. Botaurus lentiginosus, Srepu. — Bittern, 
“Meadow Hen,” ‘Indian Hen,” ‘ Dunkadoo.” Common 
summer resident. Breeds, nesting in inaccessible places 
in swamps and fresh marshes. Arrives early in April; 
leaves in October. This species is rare on the sea-shore. 

210. Butorides virescens, Bon. — “Green Heron,” 
“ Mud-Hen,” ‘ Poke,” ‘ Chalk-line.” Common summer 
resident. Breeds, nesting in thickets and thick woods, 
but more commonly on the sea-shore than in the interior. 

211. Nyctiardea Gardenii, Bairp.— Night Heron, 
“ Qua-Bird,” “ Squak,” “ Gobly-gossit.” Common summer 
resident, breeding abundantly in communities, both on 
the coast and in the interior. The young, when able to 
fly, congregate on the sea-shore. Although nocturnal in 
habit, it sees well by day. Arrives early in April; leaves 
in October. 

As substantiating the hypothesis concerning the luminous- 
ness of the peculiar spot on the breast of this Heron, I give 
the following, as related to me by Mrs. H. B. Farley, of 
Ipswich. I may state that Mrs. Farley, until after she had 
related the story, had no knowledge of any particular in- 
terest being attached to the fact she had discovered ; for 
this reason she was an unbiased observer, which gives the 
discovery additional importance. 

_ “Three or four years ago I was sitting on the banks of 
Ipswich River, just at twilight, waiting for my brother to 
come for me in a boat to convey me home. I was keeping 
very quiet, when I saw a Heron alight within a few feet 
of me, on the edge of the water. He was joined by others, 
until there were about a dozen, then I observed that every 
one of them had a luminous spot on its breast. This 


“ BIRDS OF EASTERN MASSACHUSETTS, 145 


spot was not very bright, but, as it was quite dark by 
this time, plainly perceptible. They presented a peculiar 
appearance as they walked about, and I watched them 
with interest for some time. This singular light gur- 
prised me much, as I had never heard of anything like it 
before.” 

It was in the autumn when Mrs. Farley observed this 
striking and interesting phenomenon. 

212. Nyctherodius violaceus, Retcu, — Vellow- 
crowned Night Heron. — My. Vickery informs me that he 
shot a specimen in Lynn in 1865. The bird was flying 
over his head at the time. 

213. Falcinellus Ordii, Bon. — Glossy Ibis.  Acci- 
dental or occasional. Nuttall records one or two instances 
of its capture ; Cabot, one or two ; none recently, however. 
Mr. Vickery also informs me that he has seen a Specimen 
of this fine bird, that was taken, fifteen years ago, at or 
near Stafford Ridge, New Hampshire. 


RALLIDA, — Tue Rams. 


214. Rallus crepitans, Gu. — Clapper Rail, “ Salt- 

marsh Hen.” Accidental. Mr. J. F. Le Baron informed me 
| that he shot a specimen, some years ago, at Ipswich. Also 
one taken by Mr. 8S. J. Cabot. 

215. Rallus Virginianus, Linn. — Virginia Rail. 
Common summer resident. Frequents the bushy swamps. 
Breeds early, nesting on some tussock. Have seen the 
young running about by the first of June. 

_ 216. Porzana Carolina, Vien. — Carolina Rail, 

“Sora Rail,” “ Ortolan.” Common summer resident. Fre- 

quents the wet, open meadows, where it breeds. Both of 

these species are much more common than most collectors 

or sportsmen are aware ol. | have been in a swamp where 
7 J 


146 THE NATURALIST’S GUIDE. 


_ there were literally thousands of them, yet i was unable to 
start more than two or three! Indeed, without a good 
dog, trained for the purpose, it is impossible to secure any 
number. They leave early for the south. 

217. Porzana noveboracensis, Cass. —Yellow Rail. 
Very rare during the migrations. Perhaps a few breed. 
On September 8, 1868, my young friend, Frank P. Jackson, 
was walking with me in the dusk of evening, through a 
squash-field, on high land, when he started up and shot a 
specimen. There was a meadow twenty or thirty rods 
away at the foot of the hill. It is a female, and differs 
from any I have ever seen, having a broad white edging 
to the secondaries ; so broad and prominent is this edging, 
that it gave the bird the appearance of having white wings 
while flying, in the imperfect light in which it was shot. 

218. Fulica Americana, Gm. — Coot, “Mud-Hen.” 
Summer resident. Perhaps breeds. Generally seen dur- 
ing the migrations. Frequents the weedy edges of ponds 
and rivers. ; 

219. Gallinula galeata, Boy. — Common Gallinule, 
Florida Gallinule. Accidental. A specimen taken on the 
Concord River marshes, in the fall of 1867, by Mr. T. 
Dewing. “The Florida Gallinule probably breeds in the 
Fresh Pond marshes, as I shot a young bird on October 9, 
1868, and saw another.” * 

220. Gallinula martinica, Lara. — Purple Gallinule. 
Like the preceding. Accidental. A few specimens have _ 
been taken in the State. 


ANATIDA, — Tus Swans, Gers, Duoxs, zre. 


221. Cygnus Americanus, Suarpiess.— Swan, Very 
rare in winter, Mr. J. F. Le Baron informs me that in 


* MS. Notes of Mr. W. Brewster. 


BIRDS. OF EASTERN MASSACHUSETTS. 147 
& 
former years this bird was occasionally seen at Ipswich ; but 
of late years it has not made its appearance. 

The Snow Goose (Anser hyperboreus, Pallas) perhaps oc- 
curs rarely in winter. 

The White-fronted Goose (Anser Gambeliz, Hartl.), like 
the preceding, perhaps rarely occurs in the State. 

The Barnacle Goose (Bernicla leucopsis). This European 
species has been attributed to this coast, but apparently 
upon insufficient evidence. It may, however, occur, as it 
has recently been detected and taken near the southern end 
of Hudson’s Bay.* 

222. Bernicla brenta, Steps. — Brant. Common 
spring and autumn migrant on the coast. 

The Hutchin’s Goose (Lernicla Hutchinsii, Bon.) perhaps 
occurs rarely during the migrations, as it has been taken in 
Connecticut. 

223. Bernicla canadensis, Born. — Wild Goose. 
Abundant spring and autumn migrant. 

224. Anas boschas,-Linn. — Mallard. Rare spring 
and autumn migrant. 

225. Anas obscura, Gu. — Black Duck. Abundant 
winter resident. A few breed. 

226. Dafila acuta, Jenyns. — Pin- tail, “ Sprig-tail,” 
“ Pile-start.” Rare winter resident along the coast. 

227. Nettion Carolinensis, Barrp. — Green-winged 
Teal. Common during the migrations. 

228. Nettion crecca, Kaup.— English Teal. Strag- 
gling from Europe ; entirely accidental. “Has been taken 
in the State by Dr. H. Bryant.” f 

229. Spatula clypeata, Born. — Shoveller, “ Spoon- 
billed ” Duck. Rare in spring and autumn. 

230. Querquedula discors, Srepx. — Blue-winged 
Teal. Common spring and autumn migrant. 


* Professor S. F. Baird, in “ American Naturalist,” II. 1868, p. 49. 
t J. A. Allen, “ Proceedings of the Essex Institute,’ IV. 1864, p. 88. 


148 THE NATURALIST’S GUIDE. 


231. Chaulelasmus streperus, Gray. — Gadwall, 
“Gray Duck.” Rare in spring and autumn. — 

232. Mareca Penelope, Bon. — Huropean Widgeon. 
Straggler from Europe. Mr. Samuels says it has been 
taken in the State. | 

233. Mareca Americana, Stepu. — American Widgeon. 
‘“ Baldpate.” Not uncommon during the migrations. 

234. Aix sponsa, Swain. — Wood Duck. Common 
summer resident. 

235. Fulix marila, Barrp. —Scaup Duck, “ Black- 
head, “ Blue-bill.” Not common on the migrations. 

236. Fulix affinis, Barrp. — Little Black-head. Rare 
during the. migrations. 

237. Fulix collaris, Batrp. — Ring-necked Duck. 
Rare in spring and autumn. This and the three pre- 
ceding frequent the ponds and rivers of the interior. 

238. Aythya Americana, Bon. — Red-head. Rare 
in autumn. 

239. Aythya vallisneria, Boy. — Canvas-back. Rare 
in autumn. Plentiful in Boston markets, but brought 
from farther south. 

240. Bucephala Americana, Batrp. — Golden-Lye, 
“Whistler.” Common during winter. LExceedingly shy. 

241. Bucephala albeoia, Bairp. — Bufile-head, “ But- 
ter-ball,” “Dipper.” Not uncommon in autumn and winter. 

242. Histrionicus torquatus, Bon. — Harlequin 
Duck, “Word.” Very rare during winter. 

243. Harelda glacialis, Leacu. — Long-tacled Duck, 
“Old Wife,” “Old Squaw,” “South Southerly.” Abun- 
dant spring and autumn migrant; some winter. 

244. Camptoleemus Labradorius, Gray. — Labra- 
dor Duck. Rare during winter. 

245. Melanetta velvetina, Bairp. — Velvet Duck, 
“‘ White-winged Coot,” “ Butter-bill.” Common during win- 
ter on the coast. 


BIRDS OF EASTERN MASSACHUSETTS. 149 


246. Pelionetta perspicillata, Kaur. — Surf-Duck, 
“ Coot.” Common during autumn and winter. 

247. Cellidemia Americana, Swain. — Scoter, “ Gray- 
winged Coot.” Abundant during autumn; common in 
winter. * 

248. Somateria mollissima, Lracu. — Lider-Duck. 
Common during spring and autumn, also on the south 
shore in winter. 

249. Somateria spectabilis, Leacu.— King Lider. 
Rare in winter. 

250. Erismatura rubida, Bon. — Ruddy Duck, “ Loo- 
by,” “Dumb-Bird.” Common during the migration in 
spring and autumn. Seen on ponds in the interior. 

251. Mergus Americanus, Cass.— Sheldrake, “‘ Goose- 
ander,” “Fish Duck.” Common during the migrations. 
Seen on ponds in the interior. 

252. Mergus serrator, Linn. —ed-breasted Mergan- 
ser, “Sheldrake,” “ Wheaser.” Abundant during the mi- 
grations. 

253. Lophodytes cucullatus, Reicu.— Hooded Mer- 
ganser, “‘ Water-Pheasant.” Not common during the mi- 
erations. Abundant in Florida in winter. 


PELECANIDA, — Tue Peticans. 


254. Pelecanus fuscus, Linn.t— Brown Pelican. Mr. 
J. F. Le Baron is confident of having seen two of this 
species at Ipswich some years ago. 

255. Pelecanus erythrorhynchus, Gu. — White 
Pelican. Mr. Allen informs me that a specimen was re- 
cently taken at Brant Point, Nantucket. 

* Mr. E. C. Greenwood informs me that this, with the two preceding 
species, is sometimes seen in summer. 


+ Erroneously given by Mr. Allen as the succeeding species, ‘‘ Ameri- 
can Naturalist,” II. p. 640. 


150 THE NATURALIST’S GUIDE. 


SULIDA, — Tor Gannets. 


256. Sula bassana, Ross. — Gannet, “Haglett.” Com- 
mon in winter off the coast. 

257. Sula fiber, Linn. — Booby. Given as rare in 
Essex County, some years ago, by Mr. Putnam ; no record 
of its capture recently. , 


GRACULIDA, — Tue Cormorants. 


258. Graculus dilophus, Gray. — Double-crested Cor- 
morant, “Shag.” Not uncommon off the coast in winter. 

259. Graculus carbo, Gray. — Common Cormorant, 
“Shag.” Common off the coast in autumn and winter. 


LARIDA, — Tux Gutis, TERNs, ETO. 


260. Buphagus Skua, Covuns.— Skua Gull. Said 
to be rare on the coast ; perhaps doubtful. . 

261. Stercorarius :pomarinus, Temm. — Pomarine 
Skua or Jéger. Not uncommon along the coast in autumn 
and winter. 

262. Stercorarius parasiticus, Gray. — Arctic Jéger. 
Rare in winter off the coast. 

263. Stercorarius Buffonii, Couns. — Long-tailed 
Jiger, “ Marlinspike.” . Not uncommon, off the coast in 
winter. 


264. Larus marinus, Linn.— Great Black-backed Gull, 


“Saddle-back,” “ Coffin-carrier.” Common during winter. 
265. Larus glaucus, Bruyn. — Glaucous Gull, “Ice 
Gull.” Rare in winter. 
266. Larus leucopterus, Faber. — Whate-winged Gull. 
Not common in winter. 


BIRDS OF EASTERN MASSACHUSETTS. Tere 


267. Larus argentatus, Bruny. — Herring Gull. 
Common resident ; more abundant in autumn and winter. 
Does not now breed anywhere in the State, although it did 
formerly ; those remaining in summer are mostly immature 


- birds. 


268. Larus Delawarensis, Orv. — Ring-billed Gull. 
Not uncommon along the coast in winter. 

The .Hutchin’s Gull (Larus Hutchinsii, Richardson). A 
specimen. taken in Salem harbor, 1856, in the museum of 
the Peabody Academy of Science, labelled by Dr. Coues 
as above ; it, however, looks very like an albino; perhaps 
L. argentatus, 

269. Chroecocephalus aevicilia Lracu. — Laughing 
Gull. Not uncommon along the whole coast. Have found 
it breeding at Muskegat Island, south of the main-land, and 
near Nantucket. I should judge that there were a dozen 
pairs breeding. Does not breed elsewhere on the coast. 
Have seen an egg and bird taken at Tenant’s Harbor, 
Maine, by Mr. L. L. Thaxter, of Newton. I have seen the 
bird late in November at Ipswich. 

270. Chrosecocephalus Philadelphia, Lracu. — 
Bonapartes Gull. Common in autumn and spring, a few 
winter. 

271. Rissa tridactyla, Bon. — Kittewake. Common 
in autumn and winter. ; 

The Marsh Tern (Gelochelidon Anglica, Bon.) is said to 
occur ; if it does, I have yet to meet with it. 

272. Thalasseus Caspius, Bor. — Caspian Tern. 
Rare in winter. I have seen it upon one or two occa- 
sions; have also seen it in New York harbor in Decem- 
ber. 

273. Thalasseus acuflavida, Cazor. — Cabot’s Tern, 
Sandwich Tern. Mr. Vickery has a fine specimen of this 
bird in his cabinet, that he took at Cape Cod in the au- 
-tumn of 1866. He also saw another. This specimen is 


152 THE NATURALIST’S GUIDE. 


in immature plumage. Its usual habitat is from Texas to 
Florida and the West Indies. 

274. Sterna hirundo, Linn. — Wilson’s Tern. Abun- 
dant on the coast in summer. Breeds abundantly on the 
sandy beaches and islands. This species, and also S. ma- 
croura, are called, by popular writers, “Seamews.” They 
are also called “Tide Gulls” and “ Meous.” 

275. Sterna macroura, Naum. — Arctic Tern. Abun- 
dant summer resident. Ido not think it winters. Breeds 
abundantly along the shore. Found it at Muskegat, breed- 
ing apart from the other species. There is no difference. 
in the note between this and S. hirundo. 

_ The descriptions heretofore given of this bird have been 
meagre, and in many cases erroneous, tending to produce 
doubt as to its validity as a species. But as the specific 
characters are well defined, and certain of them so constant 
as fully to establish its claim as a species, I purpose to 
give here a full description of it, with a table of measure- 
ments. 


Sterna macroura, Naum.— Arctic Tern, Red-billed Tern. 


Sterna macroura. Navum., Isis. 1819, 1847. 
‘  macrura. Lawk., Birds N. Am. 1858, p. 862. 
‘* macroura Cougs, Proceedings Phil. Acad. N. S., Dec., 1862, 
p. 549. 
Sterna arctea ‘“‘TEmM , Mar. d’Orn., II., 1820, p. 742.” 
. Hy Bon., Syn. 1828, No 287, p. 354. 
4 ay Sw. & Ricn., F B. A., II., 1881, p. 414. 
“ s Nurt., Man., II., 1884, p. 275. 
S ch Aup., Orn. Biog, III., 1885, p. 296.—Is. Birds . 
Am. VII. 1844, p..107; Pl. CCCCXXIV.* 
i é Dr H. Bryant, Pro. Boston Soc. of Nat. Hist. VI, 
1858, p. 120. 


Sp. Cu. — Adult. Bill slender, slightly curved; color, 
bright carmine. Top of head and hind neck, black. Neck, 
back, wing-coverts, scapularies, secondaries, breast, and 


* Figures S. herundo with black tip to bill. 


BIRDS OF EASTERN MASSACHUSETTS. 153 


sides, a beautiful pearl gray, except the inner edge of 
the secondaries, with their tips, and those of the scapu- 
laries, which are white. Quills, with the upper parts gray, 
dusky towards the tips, with the outer web of the outer 
feather, and a narrow basal line along the inner web of 
the terminal portion of each feather, black. Basal portion 
and shaft of each feather, together with the margins of 
the inner webs and whole under surface of the wing, white. 
Rump, upper tail-coverts, tail-feathers, abdomen, and un- 
der tail-coverts, pure white, except the terminal portion 
of the outer webs of the two outer tail-feathers on each 
side, which are dusky. The chin, upper part of the throat, 
and a line running from the base of the bill under the eye 
to the occiput, also white ; the chin and throat are some- 
times tinged with ashy. The under eyelids are black. 
Feet, small; tarsus, short. The transverse scales on the 
tarsi and toes are very much ridged; the upper part 
of the webs and under surface of the feet are covered 
with small, granulous protuberances; both of these facts 
give the feet a peculiar appearance. Color, bright ver- 
milion. 

Young. —-The young-of-the-year, the ensuing spring, 
differs from this in having the bill longer, thicker, and more 
curved, with a small part of the basal and a spot near 
the tip of the upper mandible dusky; the bill is not so 
intense in color. There are a few white feathers near the 
base of the bill in the black of the head. The upper parts 
generally, with the exceptions of ‘the wing-coverts, which 
are darker, are lighter. The outer webs of all the tail- 
feathers are dusky. The under parts are paler. ‘The feet 
are not so intense in color. 

Young-of-the-year in autumn* differs from the preceding 


* This stage of plumage has been before unknown to authors, at which 
I am somewhat surprised. The specimens that I am describing were shot 
with the old, who exhibited considerable solicitude. 
7% 


THE NATURALIST’S GUIDE. 


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156 _ THE NATURALIST’S GUIDE. 


in having the forehead quite white; a few white feathers on 
the back of the head; the black is not quite as intense, or 
more brownish. The feathers of the back are edged with 
rufous. The shoulders are darker. The tail is not as 
deeply forked, and the tips of the feathers are rufous. The 
whole under. parts are pure white. The white line from 
the base of the bill is discontinued just in front of the eye, 
and the portion occupied by it is quite dusky, almost black / 
The feet are dull orange. The bill is black, with the base 
of the lower mandible orange. 

The S. hcrundo differs from this species, in the adult stage, 
in having the beak longer and.more curved, with the color 
bright orange, and the terminal portion always black. ~ 
The pearl gray of the upper and under parts is never as 
deep, while the lower part of the back is always quite pale, 
so that the white of the rump is not as abrupt in its com- | 
-mencement. The throat and chin are always white, with- 
out the ashy tinge. The feet are larger, the tarsi much 
longer. The tarsi also lack the ridged transverse scales ; 
they are smoother; the webs are also smooth; the color 
is pale orange, never approaching the carmine of the 
other. | 

In the next stage there is more white on the head of 
S. hirundo ; the bill is almost black ; the rump tinged with 
ashy. 

Young-of-the-year birds are readily distinguished by the 
rump of hirundo being ashy, the feet larger, the tarsi longer 
with a smoother appearance. The bill is much the same 
color, but in hirundo it is longer. It never has the dusky — 
appearance below the eye seen in macroura. 

276. Sterna paradisea. — Roseate Tern. This, with 
the two preceding species, is called the ‘Mackerel Gull” 
on the more northern sections of the coast, while on the 
south shore the two preceding are called “Té-arrs,” from the 
note ; this species is called “Hoyt” for the same reason. 


BIRDS OF EASTERN MASSACHUSETTS. 157 


Common at Ipswich in autumn. Abundant on the south 
shore during the breeding-season. Breeds on Muskegat 
Island abundantly ; generally building a nest of sticks in a 
hollow among the Sand-hills. 

977. Sterna Antillarum, Covers. — Least Tern, 
“Jack-knife Gull.” Not as common as the preceding. 
Breeds later, not until July ; lays from one to four eggs. 
Have found a few breeding at Ipswich. Also breeds on 
Nantucket. 

Forster’s Tern (Sterna Forsterit, Nutt). This species 
appears to differ from Airundo in having the outer web of 
the outer tail-feather white. I have never met with it. 

278. Hydrochelidon fissipes, Gray. — Short-tailed 
Tern. Rare in autumn. Mr. J. F. Le Baron shot a speci- 
men at Ipswich, August 11, and saw another. 

279. Haliplana fuliginosa, Wact. — Sooty Tern. 
Mr. Samuels says he “found it breeding on Muskegat 
Island.” I think it occurs rarely. 


PROCELLARID A, — Tue PETRELS. 


980. Puffinus major, Faner. — Greater Shearwater. 
Not uncommon off the coast in winter. 

981. Puffinus Anglorum, Teum.— Mark's Shear- 
water. Rare otf the coast in winter. 

982. Puffinus fuliginosus, Srricky. — Sooty Shear- 
water. Common off the coast during spring, autumn, and 
winter. 

283. Procellaria pelagica, Linn. — Stormy Petrel. 
Rare off the coast. 

284. Oceanites oceanica, Couns. — Wilson’s Petrel. 
Common off the coast. 

285. Cymochorea leucorrhoa, Couns. — Leach’s 
Petrel. Abundant off the coast. This and the two pre- 


158 THE NATURALIST’S GUIDE. 


ceding are the ‘“ Mother Carey’s Chickens” of sailors and 
others. On September 9, 1869, after a gale, a specimen 
was shot on Charles River, twelve miles from the sea! 


COLYMBIDA, — Tux Divers and Loons. 


286. Colymbus torquatus, Brunn. — Great North- 
ern Diver, “Loon.” Common in autumn, winter, and spring. 
Breeds in western Massachusetts ; I do not think it does 
in this section. 

287. Colymbus arcticus, Linn. — Black-throated 
Loon, or Diver. Very rare during winter. | 

288. Colymbus septentrionalis, Livy. — Red- 
throated Loon, or Der. The most common of all the 
species during the winter and autumn, called everywhere 
“Cape Race,” or ‘‘Scapegrace,” by gunners. 


PODICIPIDA, — Tur Grepss. 


289. Podiceps Holbollii, Remmarpt. — Red-necked 
Grebe, “ Dipper Duck.” Common during the migrations. 

290. Podiceps cristatus, Latu.— Crested Grebe. 
Common during autumn and winter. 

291. Podiceps cornutus, Lata.—Horned Grebe. Com- 
mon during autumn and winter. This and the two pre- 
ceding frequent the salt water exclusively. Are seldom 
met with in full plumage. Called by gunners “ Devil 
Divers” and “ Water Witches,” on account of their diving 
to elude the shot; their power of diving and remaining 
under water a long time is certainly marvellous. 

292. Podilymbus podiceps, Lawr. — Dabdchick, 
“ Dipper Duck.” Common during the migrations; fre- 
quents the fresh waters. 


BIRDS OF EASTERN MASSACHUSETTS. 159 


“-ALCID A, — Tur Auxs AND GUILLEMOTS, 


The Great Auk (Alca impennis, Linn.) must have been 
quite common many years ago on the coast north of Cape 
Ann. In the autumn of 1867, and in company with Mr. 
Allen in June, 1868, I found in the shell-heaps on the 
Ipswich Sand-hills, numerous bones of. this now extinct 
bird ; probably dropped there by the Indians,* who must 
have killed them with their arrows, or other primitive 
weapons, for food. 

293. Utamania torda, Lracu. — Razor-billed Auk, 
- “Tinker.” Common in winter off the coast. 

294. Fratercula arctica, Iniic. — Pufin, “Sea Par- 
rot.” Not uncommon in winter off the coast. 

295. Uria grylle, Lara. — Black Guillemot, “Sea 
Pigeon.” Common in winter. 

296. Lomvia troille, Braypt. — Poolish Guillemot, 
“ Murre.” Common off the coast in winter. 

297. Lomvia ringvia, Branpt. — Murre. Not uncom- 
mon in winter off the coast. 

298. Lomvia Svarbag, Couns. — Briinnich’s Guille- 
mot, Thick-billed Guillemot. Common off the coast in 
winter. . 

299. Mergulus alle, Virm.— Sea Dove, “ Doveke,” 
“Little Auk.” Common winter resident. I have seen it 
on Indian River, Florida. 


* See account of Ipswich Sand-hills, pp. 54, 55. 





APPENDIX. 


THe whole number of birds belonging to the fauna of 
eastern Massachusetts is two hundred and ninety-nine,* 
as will be seen by the Catalogue. Of these twelve have 
been recently added, viz.: the Varied Thrush (Z'urdus 
neevius), the Tennessee Warbler (LHelminthophaga pere- 
grina), the Baird’s Sparrow (Centronyx Bairdii), the Gray 
King-Bird (Zyrannus Dominicensis), the Yellow-headed 
Blackbird (Xanthocephalus wcterocephalus), the Barn Owl 
(Strix pratincola), the Hawk Owl (Surnia ulula), the Stilt 
Sandpiper (Micropalama. himantopus), the Yellow-crowned 
Night Heron (Vyctherodius violaceus), the Sandwich Tern 
(Sterna cantiaca), the White Pelican (Pelecanus erythro- 
rhynchus), and the Brown Pelican (Pelecanus fuscus). 

In the following tables may be found a classification of 


* The whole number of species given by Mr. J. A. Allen, in the “ Pro- 
ceedings of the Essex Institute,’ Vol. IV. No. 2, August, 1864, as occurring 
in the State, was two hundred and ninety-six. Of these, three have not 
been found in eastern Massachusetts, viz. : Helminthophaga celata, Em- 
pidonax Acadicus, and Centurus Carolinus. Those given upon doubtful or 
insufficient evidence as birds of eastern Massachusetts, which are not in- 
cluded in the present list, are nine, viz.: Parus Hudsonicus, Cardinalis 
Virginianus, Ai gialitis Wilsonius, Anser hyperboreus, Anser Gambelii, Ber- 
nicla Hutchinsii, Bernicla leucopsis, Procellaria glacialis, and Sterna ara- 
mea. Sixteen species are added in Mr. Allen’s supplement (‘‘ American 
Naturalist,’ Vol. III., pp. 505-519, 568-585, 631-648, 1869), after ex- 
punging four species from the previous list, — increasing his catalogue to 
three hundred and eight. Out of these, three are birds of western Massa- 
chusetts, viz.: Nauclerus furcatus, Seiurus Ludovicianus, and Serinus meri- 
dionalis. Two of those given in his supplement as birds of eastern Massa- 
chusetts are not included in the present Catalogue, viz.: Buteo Coopert (not 
included, for reasons given on page 135) and Carduelis elegans, which, 
as Mr. Allen justly remarks, was probably an escaped cage-bird. 

K 


162 


APPENDIX. 


the birds of eastern Massachusetts, relative to their being 
resident, migratory, or straggling species, etc.:— 


a 
Do = © 


SO ONAO Fr WD 


RESIDENT SPECIES THAT BREED. 


. Ampelis cedrorum. 


Anas obscura. * 


. Astragalinus tristis.t 
. Astur atricapillus. 


Bonasa umbellus. 


. Brachyotus Cassini. 


Bubo Virginianus. 


. Buteo lineatus. 

. Buteo borealis. 

. Carpodacus purpureus.t 
. Certhia familiaris. * 

. Colaptes auratus. t 

13. 
14. 
15. 


Corvus Americanus.t 
Cupidonia cupido. 
Cyanura cristata. 


16. 
17. 
18. 
19; 
20. 
. Otus Wilsonianus. 

. Parus atricapillus.t 
. Picus pubescens. 

. Picus villosus.+ 

. Passer domestica. 

. Scops asio.° 

. Sturnella magna.t 

. Syrnium nebulosum. 
. Turdus migratorius. § 


Falco columbarius.f 
Falco sparverius.t 
Melospiza melodia. = 
Nyctale Acadica. 
Ortyx Virginiana. 


* The greater part go north in summer, and south in winter. 

t Those marked in this manner are not resident individually; that is, 
those species that have passed the summer with us migrate to the south, 
and others, who have passed the summer farther north, take their places. 
See remarks on page 129 under the head of Picus villosus. 

{ Of these species but few remain in winter, the greater part pass south. 


§ Sometimes not to be found all winter. 


1. 
2. Haliztus leucocephalus.* 
3. 


RESIDENT SPECIES THAT DO NOT BREED. 


Cymochorea leucorrhoa. 


Larus argentatus.t 


4, Melanetta velvetina.t 


5. 
6. 
re: 


Oceanites oceanica. 
(Kdemia Americana.t 
Pelionetta perspicillata.t 


* This eagle is quite frequently seen along our coast, even in summer, 
but as it is not known to breed, and being a bird of strong flight, it is prob- 
able that it is making daily excursions in search of food. 

+ Those that remain during the summer are generally immature birds, 
probably the young of the previous year. See remarks on page 151, under 
Larus argentatus. 

t These three species are given upon the authority of Mr. E. C. Green- 
wood, of Ipswich. 


CONT OP OO DD 


APPENDIX. 


“ 


163 


REGULAR SUMMER VISITANTS THAT BREED. 


. Accipiter Cooperii. 
. Accipiter fuscus. 
. Actiturus Bartramius. 


figialitis melodus. 
figialitis vociferus. © 


. Ageleus pheeniceus. 

. Aix sponsa. 

. Ammodromus caudacutus. 
. Antrostomus vociferus. 

. Ardea herodias. 

. Botaurus lentiginosus. 

. Buteo Pennsylvanicus. 

. Butorides virescens. 

. Ceryle aleyon. 

. Cheetura pelasgia. 

. Chordeiles popetue. 

. Chreecocephalus atricilla. 
. Circus Hudsonius. 

. Cistothorus palustris. 

. Cistothorus stellaris. 

. Coccygus Americanus. 

. Coccygus erythrophthalmus. 
. Contopus borealis. 

. Contopus virens. 

. Coturniculus Henslowi. 

. Coturniculus passerinus. © 
. Cotyle riparia. 

. Cyanospiza cyanea. 

. Dendreeca estiva. 

. Dendreeca discolor. 

. Dendreeca Pennsylvanica. ~ 
. Dendrceca pina. 

. Dendreeca virens. 

. Dolichonyx oryzivorus. 

. Empidonax minimus. 

. Geothlypis trichas. 

. Guiraca Ludoviciana. 

. Harporhynchus rufus. 

. Helminthophaga chrysoptera. 


40. 
. Hirundo horreorum. 

. Icterus Baltimore, 

. Icterus spurius.* 

. Melospiza palustris. 

. Mimus Carolinensis. 

. Mniotilta varia. 

. Molothrus pecoris, 

. Myiarchus crinitus. * 

. Nyctiardea Gardenii. 

. Parula Americana.*+ 

. Passerculus savanna. 

. Petrochelidon lunifrons. 
. Philohela minor. 

. Pipilo erythrophthalmus. 
. Pocecetes gramineus. 

. Porzana Carolina. 

. Progne subis. 

. Pyranga rubra. 

. Quiscalus versicolor. 

. Rallus Virginianus. 

. Sayornis fuscus. 

. Seiurus aurocapillus. 

. Setophaga ruticilla. 

. Sialia sialis. 

. Sitta Canadensis. ¥ 

. Sitta Carolinensis. 

. Spizella pusilla. 

. Spizella socialis. 

. Sterna Antilarum. 

. Sterna hirundo. 

. Sterna macroura. 

. Sterna paradisea. 

. Tachycineta bicolor. 

. Tringoides macularius. 
. Trochilus colubris. 

. Troglodytes aédon. 

. Turdus fuscescens. 

. Turdus mustelinus. 


Helminthophaga ruficapilla. 


164 APPENDIX. 


79. Turdus Pallasii.t 83. Vireo noveboracensis. 
80. Tyrannus Carolinensis. 84. Vireo olivaceus. 

81. Vireo flavifrons. 85. Vireo solitarius. t 

82. Vireo gilvus. 86. Zenedura Carolinensis. 


* These species breed only in small numbers. Massachusetts is about 
their extreme northern limit. 
+ These breed sparsely; the greater part go north. 


‘REGULAR SUMMER VISITORS THAT DO NOT BREED.* 


1. Ereunetes pusillus. 8. Pelidna Americana, 
2. Gambetta flavipes. 


* But few remain; the greater part go north. See remarks upon page 
140, under the head of the preceding names. 


IRREGULAR SUMMER VISITORS OR STRAGGLERS THAT 
HAVE BEEN KNOWN TO BREED. 


1. Euspiza Americana. 2. Gallinula galeata 


IRREGULAR SUMMER VISITORS OR STRAGGLERS THAT 
NEVER HAVE BEEN KNOWN TO BREED. 


1. Ardetta exilis. 14. Melanerpes erythrocephalus, 
2. Argyria maculata. 15. Micropalama himantopus. 

3. Cathartes atratus. ~ 16. Mimus polyglottus. 

4, Cathartes aura. 17. Nyctherodius violaceus. 

5. Chondestes grammacus. 18. Pelecanus fuscus.* 

6. Falcinellus Ordii. 19. Pelecanus erythrorhynchus.* 
7. Florida cerulea. 20. Pyranga estiva. 

8. Gallinula martinica.: 21. Rallus crepitans. 

9. Garzetta candidissima. 22. Symphemia semipalmata. 
10. Halipana fulignosa. 23. Strix pratincola.t 
11. Herodias egretta. 24. Thalasseus acuflavida.t 

12. Himantopus nigricollis. 25. Tyrannus Dominicensis. 
13. Icteria viridis. 26. Xanthocephalus icterocephalus.* 


* Generally immature specimens, commonly taken in early autumn. 
Tt One specimen captured in autumn. 


APPENDIX. 


165 


That so many of these stragglers have been recently 
added to the catalogue must be attributed to the in- 
creased numbers of observers, rather than to the increase 
of specimens.. Numerous instances like the preceding 
have undoubtedly occurred in the past, but from the 
scarcity of observers they have passed unnoticed, or at 
least unrecorded. 


bo 
oO 


OnNnrnnNNNNNNDND 
SCOANANE WHE 


ee ee ee ee 
OCONMATNP WD HOO CONTR OH OD HE 


REGULAR SPRING AND AUTUMN MIGRANTS. 


. Actodromus Bonapartii. 
. Actodromus maculata. 


Actodromus minutella. 
Agialitis semipalmatus. 
Ammodromus maritimus. 


. Anas boschas. 

. Anorthura hyemalis. 

. Anthus Ludovicianus. 
. Arquatella maritima. 

. Aythya Americana. 

. Aythya vallisneria. 

. Bernicla brenta. 

. Bernicla Canadensis. * 
. Calidris arenaria. 

. Charadrius Virginicus. 
. Dafila acuta. 

. Dendreeca Blackburnie.t 
. Dendreeca castanea. 

. Dendrceca ccerulescens. 
. Dendreeca coronata. 

. Dendrceca maculosa. 

. Dendrceca palmarum. 
. Dendreca striata. 

. Empidonax flaviventris. 
. Erismatura rubida. 

. Fulica Americana. 

. Fulix affinis. 

. Fulix collaris. 

. Fulix marila. 

. Gallinago Wilsonii. 


31. 
32. 
33. 
34. 
35. 
36. 
37. 
38. 
39. 
. Mareca Americana. 

. Myiodioctes Canadensis. || 

. Myiodioctes pusillus. 

. Nettion Carolinensis. 

. Numenius borealis. 

. Numenius Hudsonicus, 

. Numenius longirostris. 

. Oporornis agilis. § 

. Pandion Carolinensis. 

. Passerella iliaca. 

. Perissoglossa tigrina. 

. Podilymbus podiceps. 

. Querquedula discors. 

. Regulus calendulus. 

. Rhyacophilus solitarius. 

. Scolecophagus ferrugineus. 
. Seiurus noveboracensis.f 

. Sphyrapicus varius. 

. Squatarola helvetica. 

. Strepsilas interpres. 

. Tringa canutus. 


Gambetta melanoleuca. 
Geothlypis Philadelphia. 
Harelda glacialis. 
Helminthophaga peregrina.t 
Hydrochelidon fissipes. § 
Limosa fedoa. 

Limosa Hudsonica. 
Lophodytes cucullatus. 
Macrorhamphus griseus. 


be 


166 APPENDIX. 


61. Troglodytes hyemalis. 64. Zonotrichia leucophrys. 
62. Tryngites rufescens. 65. Zonotrichia albicollis. 
63. Turdus Swainsonii. 


* Probably breeds occasionally, as it certainly did in former Bian « 
t Stragglers may remain and breed. 

t Seen only in spring. 

§ More common in autumn. 

|| Has been known to breed in the State. 


OCCASIONAL OR IRREGULAR SPRING AND AUTUMN 


MIGRANTS. 
1. Ancylocheilus subarquatus. 8. Melospiza Lincolnii. 
2. Chaulelasmus streperus. 9. Nettion crecca.* 
3. Empidonax Traillii. 10. Phalaropus fulicarius. * 
4, Hematopus palliatus. 11. Porzana noveboracensis. 
5. Helminthophaga pina. 12. Procellaria pelagica. * 
6. Lobipes hyperboreus, * 13. Spatula clypeata. 
7. Mareca Penelope.t 14, Steganopus Wilsonii.* 


* These probably pass outside regularly, but seldom alight upon the 
shore. 
+ Accidental in autumn. 


REGULAR WINTER VISITANTS. 


1. Archibuteo logopus. 18. Larus glaucus, 

2. Archibuteo Sancti-Johannis. 19. Larus marinus. 

3. Bucephala albeola.* 20. Larus leucopterus. 

4, Bucephala Americana. 21. Lomvia ringvia. 

5. Camptolemus Labradorius. 22. Lomvia Svarbag. 

6. Chreecocephalus Philadelphia. 23. Lomvia troille. 

7. Collurio borealis. 24. Mergulus alle. 

8. Colymbus septentrionalis. 25. Mergus Americana. 
9. Colymbus torquatus.* 26. Mergus serrator, 

10. Ectopistes migratorius.t 27. Nyctea nivea. 

11. Eremophila alpestus. 28. Plectrophanes Lapponicus. 
12. Fratercula arctica. 29. Plectrophanes nivalis. 
13. Graculus carbo. } 30. Podiceps cornutus. 
14. Graculus dilophus.t 31. Podiceps cristatus. 
15. Histrionicus torquatus. 82. Podiceps Holbollii. 
16. Junco hyemalis.* 33. Puffinus Anglorum.t 
17. Larus Delawarensis. 34, Puffinus fuliginosus.f 


35. 
36. 
37. 
38. 
39. 
40. 


t 


APPENDIX. 
Puffinus major.t 41. 
Regulus satrapus. 42. 
Rissa tridactyla. 43. 


Somateria mollissima. 
Spizella monticola. * 
Stercorarius Buffonii. 


44, 
45, 


167 


Stercorarius pomarinus. 
Sula bassana. 
Thalasseus Caspius, 
Uria grylle. 

Utamania torda. 


* A few winter, but the greater part pass south. 
+ Generally seen in autumn, but a few winter. 
{ Seldom seen on the shore, but common off the coast. 


WINTER VISITORS WHOSE OCCURRENCE MAY BE EX- 
PECTED AT IRREGULAR PERIODS. 


i 
2. 
3. 


_giothus linarius. 


Chrysomitris pinus. 
Curvirostra Americana. 


4, 
5. 


Curvirostra leucoptera. 
Pinicola Canadensis. 


IRREGULAR AND STRAGGLING WINTER VISITORS. 


OOIA oP wD He 


* Occasionally seen in autumn. 


. Ampelis garrulus.* 

. Aquila Canadensis. 

. Buphagus skua. 

. Centronyx Bairdii.t 
. Colymbus arcticus. 

. Cygnus Americanus. 
. Falco anatum. 

. Falco sacer. 

. Nyctale Richardsonii. 


10. 
11: 
12. 
13. 
14. 
15. 
16. 
ids 
18. 


Picoides arcticus. 
Picoides hirsutus. 
Somateria spectabilis. 
Stercorarius parasiticus. 
Sula fiba. 

Surnia ulula. 

Syrnium cinereum. 
Tetrao Canadensis. 
Turdus nevius.t 


{ But one specimen taken. 


t 


eat ies 
cht 
: U 





INDEX TO PART IF. 


Alaudide, 121. 
Alcedinidz, 126. 
Alcidee, 159 
Ampelidz, 107. 
Anatide, 146. 
Appendix, 161. 
Ardeide, 143. 
Auks, 159. 
Avosets, 148. 


Blackbirds, 121. 


Caprimulgide, 127. 
-Certhiidz, 93. 
Charadriidz, 138. 
Columbide, 137. 
Colymbide, 158. 
Cormorants, 150. 
Corvide, 124. 
Creepers, 93. 
Crows, 124. 
Cuckoos, 128. 
Cuculide, 128. 
Cypselide, 127. 


Divers, 158. 
Doves, 1387. 
Ducks, 147. 


Eagles, 133. 


Falconide, 133. 
Falcons, 133. 
Finches, 109. 
Flycatchers, 124. 
Fringillid, 109. 


Gannets, 150. 
Geese, 147. 
Goatsuckers, 127. 
Graculidz, 150. 
Grebes, 158. 
Grouse, 138. 
Guillemots, 159. 
Gulls, 150. 


Hematopodide, 139. 
Hawks, 1383. 

Herons, 143. 
Hirundinide, 105. 
Humming-Birds, 128. 


Icteridee, 121. 
Ibis, 145. 
Introduction, 83. 


Jagers, 150. 
Jays, 124. 


Kingfishers, 126. 
Kites, 183. 


Laniide, 108. 
Laride, 150. 
Larks, 121. 
Loons, 158. 


Motacillide, 98. 
Nuthatches, 93. 


Orioles, 121. 
Owls, 130. 
Oyster-catchers, 139. 


Paride, 93. 
Partridges, 138. 
Pelecanide, 149. 
Pelicans, 149. 
Perdicide, 138. 
Petrels, 157. 
Phalaropes, 142. 
Phalaropodide, 142. 
Picide, 129. 
Pigeons, 137. 
Plovers, 188. 
Podicipid, 158. 
Procellaride, 157. 


Rails, 145. 
Rallidee, 145. 


1'70 


Recurvirostride, 1438. 


Rock-Inhabiters, 92. 


Sandpipers, 140. 
Saxicolide, 92. 
Scolopacide, 139. 
Sheldrakes, 149. 
Shrikes, 108. 
Sittidee, 94. 
Snipes, 139. 
Sparrows, 109. 
Starlings, 121. 
Stilts, 143. 
Strigidee, 130. 
Sulidee, 150. 
Swallows, 105. 
Swans, 146. 
Swifts, 127. 
Sylvicolidz, 98. 
Sylviidee, 98. 


Tanagridex, 108. 


INDEX. 


Tanagers, 108. 

Terns, 151. 

Tetraonidz, 138. 
Thrushes, 89. 

Titmice, 93. 

Trochilidx, 128. 
Troglodytide, 94. 
Turdide, 89. 
Tyrannide, 124. 

Tyrant Flycatchers, 124. 


Vireonide, 106. 
Vireos, 106. 
Vultures, 187. 


Wagtails, 98. 
Warblers, 93. 
Waxwings, 107. 
Woodpeckers, 129. 
Wood-Warblers, 98. 
Wrens, 94. 


THE END. 


Cambridge : Printed by Welch, Bigelow, and Company. 

















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